Biology
Study Guide Chapters 4 (68-75) - 6
Study Guide Chapters 4 (68-75) - 6
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Flashcards
What is the function of a photosystem II?
produce ATP
pigment molecules absorb light energy
transferred to reaction center
excites electron pair
ejected and grabbed by first protein in electron transport chain linking photosystems
lost electrons replaced by splitting water
O2 is waste
The important products of light dependent products are oxygen, ATP and the electron carrier, NADPH. Which of these go on to be used in the light independent reactions (also called the Calvin Cycle)?
O2 into air
ATP and NADPH are used in the calvin cycle
What products of the light dependent reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle?
ATP
NADPH
What is the function of Carbon Reactions?
Calvin cycle assembles CO2 into glucose
Carbon fixation
PGAL synthesis
RuBP regenerated
ATP and NADPH from light reactions provide potential energy and electrons
What gas is "fixed" by the plant during the Calvin Cycle?
CO2
What is the product of the calvin cycle?
glucose
What is CAM photosynthesis?
open their stomata
take in CO2 at night, storing fixed carbon in vacoules
split off CO2 in the day, and fix it in chloroplasts in the same cells
What is C4 photosynthesis?
reduces photorespiration by separating the light and carbon reactions into different cells
In mesophyll cells
-CO2 is fixed as a 4-carbon molecule
-moves to bundle-sheath cell
-liberates CO2 to be fixed again in the Calvin Cycle
What is C3 photosynthesis?
Calvin Cycle
most plants are C3, which use only this pathway (C3 pathway) to fix carbon
Photorespiration wastes carbon and energy when rubisco reacts with O2 instead of CO2
What type of plants are CAM
cacti
What type of plants are C4 plants?
Tall grass / hot, dry environment
What kinds of organisms can carry out photosynthesis?
bacteria & algae?
What happens in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
C6H1206 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + H2O + ENERGY (ATP + heat)
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
What happens to a compund that is oxidized?
it loses electrons
What is gained by a compound that has been reduced?
it gains electrons
In aerobic cellular respiration, what is oxidized?
glucose
In aerobic cellular respiration, what is reduced?
oxygen is reduced
What is the function of a coenzyme?
help enzymes catalyze reactions
What are the coenzymes used in aerobic cellular respiration?
NAD+, FAD which turn into NADH & FADH2
What is the goal of aerobic cellular respiration?
to harvest energy from glucose and other energy rich carbon based molecules to produce ATP
What are the four steps of aerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Pyruvate-oxidation
Krebs Cycle
ETC
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
cytoplasm
Where do the following three steps occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Krebs
glycolysis - cytoplasm
Krebs & ETC - mitochondrion
What are the reactants and products of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle?
Glycolysis - 6-C sugar into 2 2-C sugars yields 2 ATP's
Krebs Cycle - oxidizes pyruvates (3-C sugars) releases CO2 transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA
What happens to the carbon dioxide produced in pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle?
into the air
What are the reactants in the ETC
10 NADH and 2FADH2
What are the products of the ETC?
Water and H+ ions
In what step is O2 used? What does it become?
ETC
H2O
In which step is most of the ATP made?
ETS (32 ATP)
When does a cell use fermentation instead of aerobic cellular respiration?
when they are anaerobic
What are the products of fermentation in yeast?
CO2 and ethanol
What is the product of fermentation in muscle cells?
C)2 and lactic acid
What is the advantage to cells that can use the fermentation pathway?
they only require ATP
How many molecules of ATP are made from one glucose in aerobic cellular respiration and how many are made in fermentation?
2
What is the definition of mitosis
division of cells into 2 identical cells
what is the definition of meiosis?
division of genetic material that halves the chromosome number and yields genetically variable gametes
What types of cells does mitosis and meiosis occur in
Mitosis - soma cells (except neurons)
Meiosis - germ cells
