Biology

Chapter 4

Chapter 4

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About these flashcards

This flashcard set delves into the intricate world of biochemical reactions and energy processes at the university level, focusing on enzymes, ATP, and cellular energy dynamics. It explores how enzymes catalyze reactions, the role of ATP in energy transfer, and the principles of thermodynamics governing cellular processes. Ideal for students and researchers, this flashcard set provides a comprehensive understanding of molecular interactions and energy transformations essential for biological systems.

Flashcards

89

Students

1

Language

English

Category

Biology

Level

University

Created / Updated

15.10.2014 / 16.10.2014

organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumes

enzyme

most enzymes are....

proteins

do enzymes higher or lower the energy of activation

lower

how many enzymes per cell?

thousands

3 characteristics of enzymes

lower the energy of activation, there are thousands per cell and they recognize, alter, and bind specific reactants

where do substrates bind?

at the active site

what are enzyme partners

cofactors-atoms/molecules other than proteins

characteristics of cofactors-atoms/molecules other than proteins

must be present for enzyme to work

often oxidized or reduced

not consumed

vitamins - coenzyme - organic cofactor

reaction rates are controlled by

cells

reaction inhibits enzyme that controls its formation is a characteristic of what?

negative feedback/feedback inhibition

two types of inhibition

competitive

noncompetitive

competitive inhibition

product binds to active site

noncompetitive inhibition

product binds elsewhere

positive feedback traits (2)

product activates the pathway leading to its own production

rarer than negative feedback

example of positive feedback

blood clotting i.e. Fibrin

product turn it on more

what factors affect enzyme activity?

the conditions in the cell

can be become denatured

some antibiotics inhibit bacterial enzymes

specific factors that affect enzyme activity

T, salinity, pH

10 common types of enzymes

hydrolases

nucleases

proteases

synthases

isomerases

polymerases

kinases

phosphatases

ATP-ases

oxidoreductases (dehydrogenases)

"ase" means what?

enzymes

kinases does what?

breaks up enzymes

What is energy?

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the capacity to do work

3 characteristics of energy

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cannot be created or destroyed

is either being used or stored

tends to disperse (spontaneously)

energy allows cells to do what?

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life's work

energy exists in what two forms?

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potential

kinetic

2 characteristics of potential energy

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stored energy available to do work

has the capacity to cause change because of location or structure

2 characteristics of kinetic energy

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energy being used to do work

energy in motion

examples of potential energy

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chemical energy (stored in bonds)

concentration gradient across a membrane

4 examples of kinetic energy

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light

sounds

movement of atoms and molecules

muscle contraction

objects that have the potential to move but are not moving have what?

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potential energy

objects that are in motion have what?

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= turn,

= for-/backward,

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kinetic energy

how do we measure energy?

calories

units used to measure energy are what?

calories

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

1 calorie

food is meaured using what?

kilocalorie

1000 calories

1st law of thermodynamics

law of energy conversion

energy cannot be created or destroyed

energy can be converted to other forms

total amount of energy in the universe is constant

the study of energy transformations between work and heat

thermodynamics

What are the forms of energy?

mechanical

heat

sound

electric current

light

radiation

Glucose is a form of what energy?

potential

2nd law of thermodynamics

all energy transformations are inefficient

every reaction loses some energy as heat

process is irreversible

entropy

What is the measure of randomness?

How much energy has been dispersed or disorder is in the system

entropy

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Flashcards

competitive inhibition

product binds to active site

noncompetitive inhibition

product binds elsewhere

positive feedback traits (2)

product activates the pathway leading to its own production

rarer than negative feedback

example of positive feedback

blood clotting i.e. Fibrin

product turn it on more

what factors affect enzyme activity?

the conditions in the cell

can be become denatured

some antibiotics inhibit bacterial enzymes

specific factors that affect enzyme activity

T, salinity, pH

10 common types of enzymes

hydrolases

nucleases

proteases

synthases

isomerases

polymerases

kinases

phosphatases

ATP-ases

oxidoreductases (dehydrogenases)

"ase" means what?

enzymes

kinases does what?

breaks up enzymes

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