Airframes & Systems
T1, T2a
T1, T2a
Ab wann super?
Ab 560'000 kg or more
Super to super
4 NM
Super to heavy
6Nm and 4 minutes
Super to medium
8 NM and 3 minutes
Super so small
10 NM
Heavy to Heavy
4 Nm
Heavy to Medium
5 NM and 2 minutes
Heavy to light
6 NM and 3 minutes
Medium to heavy
3 NM
Medium to medium
3 NM
Medium to light
5 NM and 3 minutes
light to heavy, medium and light
3 NM
T/O or landing after a heavier aerplane has to be
delayed by 3 minutes
Take of after a heavier aeroplane in opposite runway direction ?
light/medium behind a heavy => 2 minutes light/medium behind super => 3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to heavy ?
2 min
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to light?
3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to medium ?
3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft: Heavy to medium ?
2 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft: Heavy to light?
2 min
Separation minima departing aircraft: medium to light?
2 minutes
Was ist was?
vgl. Antwort
3 main assemblies
1. Airframe 2. Power plant 3. Equipment => All Systems (hydraulic, Oxygen )
fuselage
Flugzeugrumpf
Fixed wing airplanes can be divided into categories
1. Wing position 2. Tail plane design 3. Type of landing gear
most aeroplanes are monoplanes with
low or high cantilever wings
tails usually?
tail configuration or canard configuration (horizontal stabilizer vor dem Cockpit)
landing gear usually?
fixed or retractable TRICYCLE ( Nicht unter dem Flügel, sondern am fuselage) landing gear
Stress
Wiederstand; applied per unit area of surface=> internal force inside a structural member => resists deformation N/mm^2 or PSI square Inch
Strength
Strength is ability to withstand stress without failure => the maximum stress it can withstand at failure
Stregth to density ratio (specific strength)
specific strength is material strength divided by its density
Strain
deformation of a structural part is called strain and is expressed as ratio of the deformed structure to the non deformed structure
6 Major stresses
Tension 2. Compression => 3. bending 4. Shear 5. Torsion 6. Buckling
Tension
tends to pull part ==> Zieht an etwas Auseinanderziehen
compression
zusammendrücken == > Landung Gear => Feder => Gewicht Flugzeug
shear
2 Platten sind miteinander verbunden => man zieht an beiden => one layer of a material to slide over an adjacent layer
Torsion
Moment => Stossen und ziehen ==> when parts are twisted => results fromm a moment
Torsion strength
torsion strength of material is its resistance to twisting (drehen)
bending
==> Combination of compression and tension ==> verbiegen => Flügem ==> Grösste Kraft bei einem beam (Balken) is at its attachment (Befestigung) => the material of beam should be located where the stress and resulting strain are high
Buckling
A320 Lufthansa => compressing structure with length combined with a small thickness ==> Klinking ( ineinander drücken , Dose ineinader stampfen)
Klinking
result of buckling
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Cartes-fiches
Hydraulic: Priority Valve
in front of an unimportant operations units => Pressure fällt, priority valve schliesst => does not open below a certain system pressure => open again if the pressure is regained
Hydraulic: Selector Valves
the direction of flow to operate an operating unit => directs the fluid to one side of an actuator and connects the other side to the return flow
Hydraulic: Sequence Valves
act as a sequence controller => at the landning gear, where the gear doors are operated first and then the landing gear extends /retracts
Hydraulic: Shut off Valve
used to connect or disconnect engine-driven pumps or operational units in specified cases
Hydraulic: Filters
clean the hydraulic fluid, thus removing foreign particles
Hydraulic: Accumulator
is divided into two cambers by a synthetic rubber diaphragm or movable piston => one chamber contains fluid at system pressure, the other chamber is charged with air or nitrogen gas
Hydraulic: 3 Aufgaben des Accumulators
a) to store limited amount of energy (pressure)
b) to damp pressure ripples in the hydraulic system => maintain pressure at a pre-set level
c) acts as a flexible wall => allows teh fluid to change its volume according to the fluid temperature variation
Hydraulic: Actuators
to transform pressure and fluid dlow into mechanical force or motion to perform work
=> consists of a cylinder, pistons and piston roads
=> some are double acting
=> brake one direction only
Hydraulic: damping mode
For safety reasons: by two actuator or tandem acuators
=>hydraulic pressure is lost from one or more systems => control surface still remains movable => switched into the damping mode = allows a free circulation of the hydraulic fluid from one side of the actuator to the oter
Hydraulic: 5 Arten eine hydraulic pump anzutreiben
=> usually powered by two pumps which one EDP and the other ACP
1. EDP: engine driven pumps
2. ACP= alternate current pump or EMDP= elecric motor driven pump
3. ADP= air driven pump => A turbine driven by air from the pneumatic system, powers the hydraulic pump
4. PTU= Power transfer unit hydraulic driven pump => allows the system pressure to be built up by the first system without connecting the fluid lines
5. RAT: emergency => Ram air driven pump
Hydraulic: EDP
Engine driven pump
Hydraulic: ACP / EMDP
Alternate current pump or Electric motor driven pump
Hydraulic: ADP
air driven pump
Hydraulic: PTU
Power transfer units
Hydraulic: Follow up system
is an automatic control and drive mechanism to ensure reaching a defined set value from any actual position of an operational unit
Hydraulic: A gear type pump could be classified as a ..... pump and is often used in small airplanes
constant delivery
Hydraulic: three main tasks of control valves
1.) pilot teh direction of flow
2.) rate of flow
3.) pressure at different operating units
H: Hydraulic fluids used in modern transport aircraft should have a...
high Flash Point.
A hydraulic system Non Return Valve (NRV, also called check valve, will close...
when the fluid delivery pressure is less then the fluid outlet pressure.
A RAT is:
An alternate pump, driven by an air flow when extended, used to pressurize a hydraulic system in case all hydraulic power is lost.
What is a hydraulic transfer pump?
A pump diven by a hydraulic system to pressurise a failed hydraulic system.
A variable displacement pump (variable volume pump, constant pressure pump) delivers minimum output when the stationary yoke is:
at a right angle with the driving shaft.
The purpose of an Automatic Cut Out Valve is...
to minimise pump wear by providing a fluid idling circuit when the system is at full charge pressure.
If a hydraulic fluid pressure of 3,000 p.s.i. is applied to both fluid ports at the same time of a cylinder containing an unbalanced double acting actuator...
the force produced will be greater from the piston face opposite to the rod.
Landing gear: Shock struts
carry the aeroplane during ground operation and to absorb (auffangen) the impact upon landing
Landing gear: What is in the Shock struts
Dry air or nitrogen is the spring element and the hydraulic fluid serves as a damping element
Landing gear: Torsion link
teh outer and inner cylinders are of axial symmetric shape => connected by a torsion link => secures the tracking (Spur) of the wheels => marked by overload marks (reduced ir inoperative damping )
Landing gear: Wheels & Rims
The wheel consists of rim and type (Reifen) => Rims are divided in two halves for easy tyre fitting => brakes are mechanically connected to the rims
Landing gear: Aus was bestehen die Rims
made of aluminium alloys to save weight
Landing gear: tyre?
Reifen => usually preferable
Landing gear: Ply? play rating
The strength of the tyre depends on the number of plies (play rating)
Landing gear: What makes the wire bead?
the wire bead helps to keep the tyre on the rim and the side wall keeps the tie tight
Landing gear: Tyre pressure
inflated => uneven abrasion/ decreased breaking ability/ decreasing steering ability
Landing gear: single or dul brakes ?
a rotor (disk) and a stator => the rotor is connected to the wheel and brake housing (Stator) => Brakes are part of the passive hydraulic system
Landing gear: Parking break
to actuate the brakes and then pull or switch the parking brake lever => not suitable for safely parking the aircraft for longer periods
Landing gear: two ways of controllig on ground
1. nose gear => mechanical link between teh rudder pedals and the nose gear => small deflection on each side 8-10 Grad
2. steering => to apply either the left or right main wheel brake => Acts like a castor => the nose wheel swivels (drehen) only within a small range
to swivel
drehen
Landing gear: shimmy damper
always installed in order to suppress the possible fluttering of the nose wheel during ground operation =>nose and am wheel => by hydraulic damping
Landing gear: recreactable landing gear => wie wird es eingefahren ?
hydraulic or electric => Screw spindles move the radius struts which extended or retract the gears
Landing gear: Lock struts and Over-centering Mechansim
Some gears are equipped with separate lock struts which lock the side struts by over centering
