Airframes & Systems
T1, T2a
T1, T2a
Ab wann super?
Ab 560'000 kg or more
Super to super
4 NM
Super to heavy
6Nm and 4 minutes
Super to medium
8 NM and 3 minutes
Super so small
10 NM
Heavy to Heavy
4 Nm
Heavy to Medium
5 NM and 2 minutes
Heavy to light
6 NM and 3 minutes
Medium to heavy
3 NM
Medium to medium
3 NM
Medium to light
5 NM and 3 minutes
light to heavy, medium and light
3 NM
T/O or landing after a heavier aerplane has to be
delayed by 3 minutes
Take of after a heavier aeroplane in opposite runway direction ?
light/medium behind a heavy => 2 minutes light/medium behind super => 3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to heavy ?
2 min
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to light?
3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to medium ?
3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft: Heavy to medium ?
2 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft: Heavy to light?
2 min
Separation minima departing aircraft: medium to light?
2 minutes
Was ist was?
vgl. Antwort
3 main assemblies
1. Airframe 2. Power plant 3. Equipment => All Systems (hydraulic, Oxygen )
fuselage
Flugzeugrumpf
Fixed wing airplanes can be divided into categories
1. Wing position 2. Tail plane design 3. Type of landing gear
most aeroplanes are monoplanes with
low or high cantilever wings
tails usually?
tail configuration or canard configuration (horizontal stabilizer vor dem Cockpit)
landing gear usually?
fixed or retractable TRICYCLE ( Nicht unter dem Flügel, sondern am fuselage) landing gear
Stress
Wiederstand; applied per unit area of surface=> internal force inside a structural member => resists deformation N/mm^2 or PSI square Inch
Strength
Strength is ability to withstand stress without failure => the maximum stress it can withstand at failure
Stregth to density ratio (specific strength)
specific strength is material strength divided by its density
Strain
deformation of a structural part is called strain and is expressed as ratio of the deformed structure to the non deformed structure
6 Major stresses
Tension 2. Compression => 3. bending 4. Shear 5. Torsion 6. Buckling
Tension
tends to pull part ==> Zieht an etwas Auseinanderziehen
compression
zusammendrücken == > Landung Gear => Feder => Gewicht Flugzeug
shear
2 Platten sind miteinander verbunden => man zieht an beiden => one layer of a material to slide over an adjacent layer
Torsion
Moment => Stossen und ziehen ==> when parts are twisted => results fromm a moment
Torsion strength
torsion strength of material is its resistance to twisting (drehen)
bending
==> Combination of compression and tension ==> verbiegen => Flügem ==> Grösste Kraft bei einem beam (Balken) is at its attachment (Befestigung) => the material of beam should be located where the stress and resulting strain are high
Buckling
A320 Lufthansa => compressing structure with length combined with a small thickness ==> Klinking ( ineinander drücken , Dose ineinader stampfen)
Klinking
result of buckling
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Lernkarten
Landing gear: VLE
Max. landing gear extended speed => speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended
Landing gear: LLO
max. landing Gear operation speed => Max. speed at which you can extend or retract the landing gear => can be lower than V LE
Landing gear: anti retraction system
some gear safety switches are located on the main landing gear's torsion links => by electrically driven landing gear these interrupt the power supply, wheres hydraulically usually a logical switching circuit prevents landing gear retraction
Landing gear: Gear aufteilung bei A320?
Nose landing gear and Main landing gear
Landing gear: B747 landning gear Aufteilung
Body gear, Wing gear, nose Gear
Landing gear: A340
Nose Gear, centerline gear, main gear
Landing gear: Drag Strut
holds the landing gear in a longitudinal direction and prevents large bending forces in the shock strut during touchdown and braking
Landing gear: Side Strut
prevents from lateral forces into the suspension => Allows the landing gear to be retracted
Landing gear: Side Strut extended
struts carries the lateral forces and transfers them to the fuselage structure
Landing gear: Side Strut retraction
the pivot bearing enables the side strut to be folded
Landing gear: Fuse Bolt
protects the structure from serious damage to the wing or fuselage, should the landing gear roll into obstacles at high speed
Landing gear: Lock Mechanism
mechanically locked in the retracted and extended position = some aircrafts an extension lock
Landing gear: Ground safety or locking Pin
Locking pins prevent unintentional gear retraction on the ground
The rims
die Felgen
Landing gear: Shock struts
allows the wheel to move vertically to compensate for uneven runway surfaces and landing shocks => the space between the inner and outer shock strut cylinders accommodates the pneumatic spring action (nitrogen) and the damping feature with hydraulic oil
Landing gear: The inner and outher shock struts are mechanically linked with the torsion link. Dual wheel main landing gears are often equipped with
shimmy dampers
Landing gear: A340 and B747 etc. which have 4 to 6 wheels per main landing gear strut are equipped with
with a truck type (Bogie beam) gear => is tilted aft by a hydraulic actuator
Landing gear: Steering actuators
Body gear steering is automatically activated at lower taxi speed=> nose gear turns, twisting the body gear => above this speed the body gear is hydraulic centered and the body gear steering is deactivated
Landing gear: Landing gear controll => in teh off position teh landing gear hydraulic system is depressurised how?
manually (Bild right) or automatic (build links)
Landing gear: How you can override the lever locking mechanism ?and why?
an override button to override the lever locking mechanism => prevents a gear lever up => possible to retract the landing gear, if there is a malfunction of a strut-load sensor
Landing gear: Gear warning, when?
gear warning :
a) gear is not down and locked
b) Throttle ide
c) below a specified height
d) Flaps are in a landing position
Landing gear: Aus was sind die Rims ?
usually the rims made in two part construction out of forged aluminium alloy in order to reduce the weight
Landing gear: Thermal plugs?
3 or 4 thermal plugs or fusible plugs in the rim => thermal plugs are made of metal or plastic => they become soft at a temperature of approx. 180 Grad and are then expelled from the rims => deflating the tyre = preventing from exploding
Landing gear: Why you use Tubeless tyre?
Because of its cooler than the tube types
Landing gear: Bild
1. Grove 2. Rib
Landing gear: Which brakes in bigger airplane? how is the function of the stators and rotors
Multiple disk brakes => the stators are fixed and connected by a torque tube to the landing gear structure => the torque tube allows a small axial movement of the stator disk
Landing gear: Stators and rotors are made of
carbon or steel with lining blocks
Landing gear: How is the function of the brakes ? neutral und in work?
brakes are not applied => sufficient space for the rotor disks to rotate between the stator disk => brakes applied: a pressure plate in axial direction => this presses the stators and rotors (wich can move axially) together and against the counter plate
Landing gear: Why is ge Multiple disk brake often called a heat pack?
the friction between rotors and stators provide the strong braking effect and converts kinetic energy into heat
Landing gear: How goes the brake back in neutral position?
return springs pull back the pressure plate when the brake are released
Landing gear: What makes the wear indicator?
the wear indicator pin indicates the wear of the brake pads by decreasing extension out of the brake carrier.
Landing gear: Equaliser Rods / brake Rods
Brake equalizer mechanical > provide an even load distribution on a truck (Laufrad) main landing gear on the front and aft wheel during breaking => the brake torque tube is connected with the shock strut by the equalizer roads
Landing gear: brake accumulator?
stores the energy for at least 5 full braking procedures, in the event of both hydraulic systems failing => the accumulator also stores energy for the parking brake
Landing gear: What happens withe the landing gear in flight?
teh nose wheel is usually braked by rubber pads during retraction => inflight brakes systems
Landing gear: What happens withe the landing gear in flight?
the nose wheel is usually braked by rubber pads during retraction => inflight brakes systems
Landing gear: Anti skid system
controls the amount of hydraulic pressure applied to the brakes by inputs from the rudder pedals or from the automatic breaking system => z.B. ice ray the tyre can exert very little force before skidding => without anti skid system = stops immediately
Landing gear: Auto brake system
constant pre-selected deceleration for a given deceleration distance ==> the auto braking system is also deactivated by an inoperative anti-skid system
Landing gear: the nose-wheel steering system
very small turning radius on large transport aircraft => the pedals: 8 to 10 gard => hand wheel allows: approximately 80 Grad turn
Landing gear: Push back with the nose-wheel steering system ?
nose wheel steering has to be switched off to avoid damage
Landing gear: carcasse bilf
bild
