Airframes & Systems
T1, T2a
T1, T2a
Ab wann super?
Ab 560'000 kg or more
Super to super
4 NM
Super to heavy
6Nm and 4 minutes
Super to medium
8 NM and 3 minutes
Super so small
10 NM
Heavy to Heavy
4 Nm
Heavy to Medium
5 NM and 2 minutes
Heavy to light
6 NM and 3 minutes
Medium to heavy
3 NM
Medium to medium
3 NM
Medium to light
5 NM and 3 minutes
light to heavy, medium and light
3 NM
T/O or landing after a heavier aerplane has to be
delayed by 3 minutes
Take of after a heavier aeroplane in opposite runway direction ?
light/medium behind a heavy => 2 minutes light/medium behind super => 3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to heavy ?
2 min
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to light?
3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft Super to medium ?
3 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft: Heavy to medium ?
2 minutes
Separation minima departing aircraft: Heavy to light?
2 min
Separation minima departing aircraft: medium to light?
2 minutes
Was ist was?
vgl. Antwort
3 main assemblies
1. Airframe 2. Power plant 3. Equipment => All Systems (hydraulic, Oxygen )
fuselage
Flugzeugrumpf
Fixed wing airplanes can be divided into categories
1. Wing position 2. Tail plane design 3. Type of landing gear
most aeroplanes are monoplanes with
low or high cantilever wings
tails usually?
tail configuration or canard configuration (horizontal stabilizer vor dem Cockpit)
landing gear usually?
fixed or retractable TRICYCLE ( Nicht unter dem Flügel, sondern am fuselage) landing gear
Stress
Wiederstand; applied per unit area of surface=> internal force inside a structural member => resists deformation N/mm^2 or PSI square Inch
Strength
Strength is ability to withstand stress without failure => the maximum stress it can withstand at failure
Stregth to density ratio (specific strength)
specific strength is material strength divided by its density
Strain
deformation of a structural part is called strain and is expressed as ratio of the deformed structure to the non deformed structure
6 Major stresses
Tension 2. Compression => 3. bending 4. Shear 5. Torsion 6. Buckling
Tension
tends to pull part ==> Zieht an etwas Auseinanderziehen
compression
zusammendrücken == > Landung Gear => Feder => Gewicht Flugzeug
shear
2 Platten sind miteinander verbunden => man zieht an beiden => one layer of a material to slide over an adjacent layer
Torsion
Moment => Stossen und ziehen ==> when parts are twisted => results fromm a moment
Torsion strength
torsion strength of material is its resistance to twisting (drehen)
bending
==> Combination of compression and tension ==> verbiegen => Flügem ==> Grösste Kraft bei einem beam (Balken) is at its attachment (Befestigung) => the material of beam should be located where the stress and resulting strain are high
Buckling
A320 Lufthansa => compressing structure with length combined with a small thickness ==> Klinking ( ineinander drücken , Dose ineinader stampfen)
Klinking
result of buckling
-
- 1 / 499
-
Lernkarten
Fuel: When must a fuel dump system be installed?
Difference between MTOM and MLAW is extremely high => jettisoning systems must be installed
Fuel: two different fuel dump system constructions:
1. Fuel (Chute) Dump System: dumped by gravity flow
2. Fuel valve Dump system: fuel dump nozzles near the tip of each wing => fuel from the boost pumps enters the dump system and flows through the fuelling dump manifold
Fuel: A fuel dump level control valve shuts off when?
1. fuel level in the tank reaches teh cutoff level and/or
2. engine supply line pressure drops below a safe value
Hydraulic: Advantages:
a) low-weight power-ratio
b) large forces by pressure lines over long distances
c) no lubrications problems => self lubrication
d) easy to install
Hydraulic: disadvantages
a) Fluid leakage and air bubblesmay lead to malfunction
b) Expensive
Hydraulic: On what is Hydraulic based?
based on the fact,that liquids are incompressible and can distribute force (by pressure) to various units
Hydraulic: Pascals's Law
Pressure in an enclosed system exerted => transmitted in all directions throughout the fluid so that the pressure remains the same
Hydraulic: Bernoullis law
In an enclosed system the pressure is transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions => total pressure: dynamic + static
Hydraulic: pressure?
p = F/A in N/m^2
100'000 N/m^2 in bar
100'000 N/m^2 = 1 Bar
1 bar in PSI
1 bar = 15 PSI = 100'000 N/m^2
Hydraulic:
Hydraulic: the power derived from motion and pressure of a liquid medium such as oil => Power = Pressure_system x flow rate
Hydraulic: PSI in einem kleinen und grossen airplane
up to 2000 big: 3000 PSI
Hydraulic: viscosity of a fluid
viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance against flowing => if an oil flows slowly it is of high viscosity => the viscosity of a hydraulic fluid should be the lowest practicable to minimize power consumption and resistance to flow
Hydraulic: caviation
describes the process of vaporization, bubble generation and bubble implosion => result of increase in static pressure
Hydraulic: two types of hydraulic fluids
a) Mineral based Hydraulic Fluid: small airplane => is red and flammable
b) Synthetic Fluids (Phosphate Ester Baster Fluids): Transport airplane => higher resistance against caviation and lower viscosity => lower change of viscosity with temperature
Hydraulic: Phosphate ester based fluids react how?
react aggressively and cause pain on contact with eye tissue
Hydraulic: 3 main components
1. Fluid storage => reservoir and Hydraulic lines
2. Power System => Pumps
3. Operating system => actuating units
Hydraulic: can be classified into
passive system:
active system: pressure is genrated by an engine or electric motordriven pump which runs continusously
Hydraulic: active system can be divided into
a) open centre system (small aircraft)
b) closed system (large aircrafts)
Hydraulic: passive hydraulic system
pressure is only genrated when the hydraulic operating unit is used z.B. brakes
Hydraulic: active Hydraulic system
pressure and fluid flow continusly generated by a hydraulic pump, it is called an active hydraulic system
=> the unit is below a specified value (es wird pressure benötigt), the unloading valve automatically connects an operating unit to the system pressure
=> no further flow of Hydraulic = result in an increase of the system pressure until a pressure-switching-valve of the unloading valve is reached
Hydraulic: unloading valve
allows free circulation of fluid when the operating unit is not in use => avoids system overload
Hydraulic: Open centre System
allows a free circulation of fluid when no operating unit is in use => conected to the return line
=> the system pressure is low, the flow rate is high
=> a selector valve allows teh pilot the hydraulic power to an operating unit and select its operation
Hydraulic: reservoirs
a) stores the hydraulic fluid of the system and cools the fluid down
b) supplies fluid to compensate for small leaks
==> usually pressurised via a pressure regulator by air from the aircraft pneumatic system
Hydraulic: 2 Arten von Hydraulic Pumps
a) Gear-type or Vane-type
b) Piston type pumps (larger aircrafts)
Hydraulic: Piston type pumps Grundprinzip?
consists of a cylinder block and a piston-and-drive assembly contained in a housing => the cylinder block with all the pistons is turned by the shaft
Hydraulic: two different types of piston pumps
a) Constant Delivery Pump: because of the fixed yoke angle between the cylinder block and the drive-shaft face
b) Variable-delivery Pumps: when actuating units are in operation and decreases the fluid flow when the actuating units are at rest
Hydraulic: Variable dlivery pump Grundprinzip
If the system pressure drops below 3000 PSI, the spring force is higher than the hydraulic pressure generated yoke actuator force => the compensator spring increases the yoke angle as stated before
=> no flow rate is required, the system pressure increases back up to 3000 PSI
Hydraulic: How to Switch On or Off the hydraulic pumps?
=> the electro-motor driven pumps or air => switched off by cutting the power source
=> engine driven pumps are switched off by cutting the pressure line
Hydraulic: wie fliesst die Flüssigkeit durch den Filter
Immer von der grossen Fläche zur kleinen Flächen => so grössere Filterwirkung
Hydraulic: Hydraulic Motors
is simply a gear type or piston-type motor with hydraulic fluid introduced into the pressure port, so that the fluid backing up against the pistons or gears causes them to operate => rotary motion
Hydraulic: Restrictor
A restrictor reduces the cross-sectional area of a hydraulic line => this limits the rate if fluid flow (one or both way) => limits the speed
Hydraulic: Check valve
permits free flow of the fluid in one direction and inhibits flow in the opposite direction
Hydraulic: Relief Valves
protect systems from excessive pressure generated by a pump or thermal pressure ( wenn auf ein Mal ein Überdruck entsteht) => similar to the check valve but the spring us stronger
Hydraulic: Shuttle Valve
The system with the higher pressure automatically supplies the operating unit. This is important if one supply system fails
Hydraulic: Bypass Valve
if a blocked filter is bypassed with a bypass valve
Hydraulic: Flow regulator
provides constant flow rate to a hydraulic unit such as a flap drive => keeps the operating velocity constant
Hydraulic: Regulator
to allow high pressure fluid supply lines to be reduced to appropriate pressures for various application in operating units
Hydraulic: Fuse
a fuse blocks a hydraulic line, if a serious leak should occur
=> the flow rate is within normal operating range, there is not enough pressure loss between the inlet and outlet of the fuse to move the piston against the spring force
=> Broken hydraulic the pressure drops quite => the low pressure the piston is now forced to the right and shuts off the outlet
