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The physiological effects of an acceleration on the human body depend on the...

Magnitude, momentum, onset.

Onset, duration, Cognitive load.

Magnitude, duration, onset.

Momentum, duration, Cognitive load.

A pilot accustomed to landing on a wide runway may find, when approaching to a narrow runway, that he/she is at a...

lower height and the impression of landing slow.

greater height and the impression of landing short.

lower height than he/she actually is, with the tendency to overshoot.

greater height than he/she actually is, with the tendency to land short.

The three types of Authority Gradient Cockpits are...

Authoritative, Followership and Synergistic

Authoritative, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic

Autocratic, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic

Autocratic, Followership and Synergistic

After having completed a task that the pilot may perceive as stressful, how can this influence the pilot?

The level of stress experienced will be the same or increased.

Any stress will cause a reduction in performance.

In the future it will be easier to perform similar and different tasks.

Future similar tasks will be easier.

When does the blind spot on the retina become significant for a pilot?

When an aircraft is approaching from head-on, it will disappear for a moment as it passes the blind spot on the retina. It will remain undetected until the relative position of the aircraft changes.

If the pilot's vision is unrestricted and is focused directly ahead, in conditions of low forward visibility, the aircraft converging its track may go undetected if it falls in the blind spot of the eye.

If another aircraft is on a converging course and the pilot's field of view is restricted on one side, the pilot might fail to see the other aircraft if it is positioned in the blind spot of the unobstructed eye.

When flying in conditions of low forward visibility, the existence of the blind spot on the retina of each eye can make the judgement of the distance of other traffic more difficult for the pilot.

While en route to the destination, the pilot in command conducts a briefing on the proper approach procedure, while the copilot keeps a close eye on altitude and speed during the approach. Nevertheless, as they approach for landing, the speed unintentionally exceeds the required speed specified in the published approach procedure. This specific situation serves as an illustration of...

A handling error by the commander, procedural error by the co-pilot.

A procedural error by the commander, communication error by the co-pilot.

A handling error by the commander, communication error by the co-pilot.

Procedural errors by both pilots.

What is a disadvantage of using mental schema when performing a familiar, but rather complex task?

Reduced flexibility in case of any malfunctions.

They may encourage rigid ways of thinking.

The tendency to base current actions on past experience.

Sensual illusions may arise from them.

Cognitive psychology identifies several factors that affect a person’s level of attention. They include...

internal, physical, and environmental factors.

psychological, biological, and operational factors.

human, psychological, and neurological factors.

environmental, physiological, and task factors.

What is true about cataracts?

It is not recognized in a early stage.

It can be caused due to prolonged exposure to UV light and it can be treated by surgery.

It only develops with age.

It cannot be treated by surgery.

Which of the following is correct about hyperventilation? Hyperventilation is breathing...

In excess of metabolic needs and in doing so the body removes more CO₂ than it produces.

With a too low rate of breathing, so the concentration of CO₂ in the blood remains too high.

In more oxygen than the body requires and in doing so the body removes less CO₂ than it produces.

With a too high rate of breathing, which causes an excess of oxygen in the blood.

Which are the two restorative processes that regulate the human body’s pattern of sleepiness and alertness throughout the day?

Light/dark homeostasis and the parasomnia rhythm.

Sleep/wake homeostasis and the parasomnia process.

Light/dark homeostasis and the circadian dysrhythmia.

Sleep/wake homeostasis and the circadian rhythm.

A pilot that avoids making errors and taking responsibilities is characterized as...

resigned.

confident.

anxious.

vigilant.

What is the part of blood cell that fights infections/diseases?

Plasma.

Red blood cells.

Platelets.

White blood cells.

Following a rapid decompression at 30 000 feet, the time of useful consciousness would be about...

45 seconds to 1 minute 30 seconds.

10 to 12 minutes.

3 to 5 minutes.

5 to 10 minutes.

Which one of these may result in a fume event? 1. Anti-ice Fluid 2. A steel extinguisher 3. Furniture 4. Hydraulic Fluid

1, 2, 3, 4.

3 and 4 only.

1, 3, 4.

2, 3, 4.

Resignation is a dangerous attitude because it...

Lowers the self-confidence of the affected flight crew member.

Makes the non-affected flight crew member spend less time anticipating future actions.

Makes the affected flight crew member feel more hopeful of a positive outcome.

Makes the affected flight crew member more likely to show impulsive behaviour.

GPWS systems and SOPs are examples of which type of counter-measures in the Threat and Error Management (TEM) model?

Systemic-based

Liveware-based

Automation-based

Hardware-based

The operator of an aircraft takes disciplinary action against the captain of a flight, claiming that he/she violated established operating procedures by landing with insufficient fuel on board. The captain can plausibly demonstrate that he/she has only made a mistake when documenting the fuel mass in the technical logbook after the flight, while the actual fuel on board after landing was well within the operational limits. The operator decides to suspend the pilot from work for 10 days. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the operator’s safety culture?

In a “just culture” environment, the punishment of an employee for making an error is an example of bad management; errors and violations should not be punished in order to promote an atmosphere of trust.

The operator efficiently applies the principle of “just culture”, fairly punishing negligent behavior as a form of positive control. This can motivate employees to be more careful before taking action and promote risk awareness.

The operator demonstrates an adequate concern towards safety and considers negligent behavior as unacceptable. Negligence displays a lack of awareness of risks and hazards, probably reducing the safety margin in flight.

The operator does not apply the principle of “just culture”: to foster trust and collaboration. Such an unintended slip should be reported and discussed to prevent their future re-occurrence, it should not be punished.

During hyperventilation...

nitrogen concentration of the blood is above normal

alkalinity level of the blood is reduced

oxygen concentration of the blood is below normal

acidity level of the blood is reduced

Consciously processing information from one source at a time by careful allocation of one’s available mental resources is described as..

divided attention.

hypovigilance.

selective attention.

vigilance.

A low time pilot finds him/herself under a low cloud base hand flying a piston engine two-seater aircraft on a flight plan to the destination airport in worsening weather conditions. He/she becomes even more nervous after his passenger starts complaining because they should have landed more than hour ago to meet with friends at the airport. Flying a very low-level circuit, the pilot lets the airspeed deteriorate to such an extent that the turn from base leg to final approach results in a stall and spin accident. Which of the following human factors aspect likely played the key role in the accident?

Impulsivity.

Eustress.

Infallibility.

Anxiety.

Which of the following are monocular cues for depth perception?

Obscuration, texture, and atmospheric perspective.

Accommodation, texture, and atmospheric perspective.

Apparent foreshortening, stereopsis, and motion parallax.

Linear perspective, convergence, and obscuration.

What are the main functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Central Nervous System (CNS)?

ANS initiates voluntary motor actions, PNS is responsible for cognitive functions and thinking processes, and CNS controls involuntary organ functions.

ANS controls decision-making and cognitive functions, PNS involuntarily controls organs, and CNS handles sensory input from the external environment.

ANS involuntarily controls organs, PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and transmits sensory information, and CNS processes and sends out motor commands.

ANS voluntarily controls organs, PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and transmits sensory information, and CNS processes and sends out motor commands.

Which of the following statements is true regarding stereopsis?

Stereopsis and convergence are how we achieve depth perception with binocular vision for objects up to 200 m.

Stereopsis is how we achieve depth perception with monocular vision for distant objects where convergence is for near objects.

Stereopsis together with convergence give cues for depth perception for monocular vision.

Stereopsis is how we achieve depth perception with monocular vision for near objects where convergence is for distant objects.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Scotopic Vision is the same as Photopic Vision.

Photopic Vision is the same as Peripheral Vision.

Scotopic Vision is vision through the operation of the Cones.

Scotopic Vision is vision through the operation of the Rods.

To completely eliminate human errors is not possible. Error Management is the term used for the endeavours to reduce human error and its impact. Which of the following are known error-management strategies?

Skill-based error prevention, rule-based error prevention, knowledge-based error prevention, and error education.

Error prevention, error reduction, error detection, error recovery, and error tolerance.

Error analysis, error classification, error identification, error intolerance, and human error training.

Error identification, error analysis, error recovery, error tolerance, and error management training.

Blood with a low saturation...

is in the aorta.

is in all veins in the human body.

is in the pulmonary artery.

is in the pulmonary veins only.

Are expectations able to hamper effective communication?

Yes, when one person expects another person to share the same values, they can make inappropriate statements.

Yes, when one person in a group feels that an expectation does NOT apply to them, it can make them feel uncomfortable and could lead to conflict.

Yes, a person expecting a particular message can assume that this is what they hear, while the actual message is different.

No, expectations are NOT important as regards effective communication, but they are very important when it comes to conflict resolution.

Choose the most correct option regarding the possible causes of hearing loss in the flight environment...

High noise levels in flight, exceeding 90 dB, cause strong vibrations in the ear that can result in CHL (Conductive Hearing Loss).

Over-exposure to very loud noises from the engine exhaust can cause CHL (Conductive Hearing Loss), where damage to the auditory nerve prevents transmission of sound.

Prolonged exposure to cabin noise may lead to NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss), which involves damage to the receptors in the cochlea.

Long-term exposure to high volumes of noise produced by the aircraft engines / rotors can cause NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss), which involves damage to the eardrum.

Evaluate what is possibly achievable in commercial aviation in respect of flight safety.

Risk should be recognised and considered as being inevitable in commercial aviation.

Risk should be eliminated wherever possible.

In commercial aviation, risk should be reduced as much as possible.

Risk should be decreased as much as commercially possible.

Hypoxia can be caused by which of the following? 1. A decreased saturation of oxygen in the blood due to carbon monoxide attached to the haemoglobin 2. Low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere when flying at high altitudes without pressurisation and supplemental oxygen 3. Malfunction of the body cells to metabolise oxygen 4. Blood pooling in the lower extremities due to inertia (+Gz)

1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false.

3 and 4 are correct, 1 and 2 are false.

1, 2, and 3 are correct, 4 is false.

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

An aircraft is executing an approach to land when the tower controller instructs the pilots to initiate a go-around, since the runway is occupied by another aircraft. The pilots immediately initiate the go-around. The pilot flying is applying maximum power and pitching up the aircraft, while the pilot monitoring programmes the go-around path on the FMS and waits for the pilot flying to request the required configuration changes. The tower controller then informs the pilots that the go-around is no longer necessary. What is the most probable outcome?

Both pilots will briefly discuss whether the go-around can still be aborted and a landing can be made.

Neither pilot will consciously receive the radio message, because both of them will be too focused on performing the flight manoeuvre.

The pilot flying will take over the task of monitoring the flight instruments, while the pilot monitoring concentrates on the radio call.

The pilot monitoring will be distracted by the radio call, his attention would be drawn away from monitoring the instruments.

What poses the highest risk of contamination, even if the water has been boiled?

Boiled water with unpeeled fruits.

Boiled water with raw vegetables.

Boiled water cooled adding ice cubes afterwards.

Boiled water with cooked meat.

A pilot is planned for a full week on duty with reduced periods of rest. What is the consequence of this?

Disrupted Circadian Rhythm.

Chronic Insomnia.

Increasing sleep debt.

Jet lag.

While assessing a risk two main factors have to be considered. What are they?

Current situation and the skills available to cope with it.

Available timeframe and the number of options.

Possible mitigation measures and their direct or indirect cost.

Probability of that risk and its severity.

Which one of the following statement is correct for body temperature?

It varies over the course of the day and is highest early in the morning.

The average body temperature is lower in people from cooler climates.

It is roughly the same for all people, if they are adapted to the place they are.

It is constant throughout the body.

The three basic components of the Threat and Error Management (TEM) model are, from the perspective of flight crews, threats, errors and undesired aircraft states. With regard to errors, the TEM model...

distinguishes three classes of errors, namely operational, organisational and environmental.

considers three categories of errors, namely aircraft handling, procedural and communications.

recognizes three types of human errors, namely anticipated, unanticipated and latent errors.

differentiates between three kinds of errors, namely aircraft handling, navigation and aircraft configuration.

Which of the following situations may cause a fume event aboard an aircraft?

Overheating brakes after gear retraction, damaged pump in the air cycle machine, loss of pressurisation.

Unmixed bleed air in air conditioning ducts, APU fire, failure of hydraulic flight controls.

Burning interior, spilled anti-ice fluid, forbidden items in carry-on baggage.

Engine fire, smoking in toilets, electrical short-circuits.

Complete the following phrase: During a medical revalidation, the pilot is informed that he/she is totally blind in one eye. This is referred to as (1) _____, and he/she (2) _____ be assessed as fit to fly under these circumstances.

(1) Binocularity; (2) cannot

(1) Monocularity; (2) may

(1) Binocularity; (2) may

(1) Monocularity; (2) cannot

The pilots of an aircraft wish to initiate the final approach at 1500 ft. The pilots turn towards the final heading, continue the approach and after a while they execute a go-around manoeuvre. What is the sensation of the passengers in the correct sequence?

Angular acceleration, linear deceleration, vertical acceleration upwards.

Linear deceleration, angular acceleration, vertical acceleration downwards.

Linear acceleration, angular acceleration, vertical acceleration upwards.

Angular acceleration, linear deceleration, vertical acceleration downwards.

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