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During a training flight under a low cloud base, a student is practicing steep turns with an instructor. The student executes the maneuvers correctly and maintains good situational awareness. After several minutes, however, the student begins to feel nauseous and starts hyperventilating. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

Somatograpic illusion

Somatogyral illusion

G-effect

Air sickness

Which of the following statements correctly describes the equalisation of pressure within the ear during climb and descent?

Pressure differences between the inner ear and the outside environment are equalised by the Otolith tube, which connects the ear with the nasal passage.

Pressure differences between the middle ear and the outside environment are equalised by the Otolith tube, which connects the ear with the sinus cavities.

Pressure differences between the middle ear and the outside environment are eliminated by the Eustachian tube, which connects the ear with the back of the throat.

Pressure differences between the inner ear and the outside environment are eliminated by the Eustachian tube, which connects the ear with the nasal passage.

An aircraft is executing a visual approach to an upsloping runway that does NOT have approach aids. The pilot finds it difficult to judge the correct visual glideslope. The pilot may experience the illusion of flying an approach that is too (1) _____, and have the tendency to correct it by flying (2) _____ than they should.

(1) steep; (2) shallower

(1) shallow; (2) shallower

(1) steep; (2) steeper

(1) shallow; (2) steeper

Which of the following statements correctly describes the human circulatory system?

The exchange of gases (metabolism of oxygen and carbon dioxide) primarily takes place in the arteries.

The exchange of gases (metabolism of oxygen and carbon dioxide) primarily takes place in the capillaries.

Oxygenated blood is carried from the heart through the veins to the body tissue and through the arteries back to the heart.

De-oxygenated blood is carried from the heart through the veins to the body tissue and through the arteries back to the heart.

Situations particularly vulnerable to "reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern" are:

1. and 3.

2. and 3.

1. and 2.

3 only.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding smoking?

3, 4, 5.

2, 4.

1, 3, 5.

1, 2, 3, 4.

What communication practice involves soliciting the ideas and opinions of all group members, and encouraging any expressions of doubt as a way of preventing or solving conflict?

Active listening

Advocacy

Meta-communication

Arbitration

A student pilot who is struggling to receive, perceive and process information during flight training. Which area should the pilot direct his/her attention in order to improve this performance?

Analysing and decision-making

Leadership and teamwork

Situational awareness

Communication skills

According to James Reason, an organization that 'is able to learn from its mistakes and make changes. It also ensures that individuals understand the SMS procedures at a personal level' adopts a...

informed culture.

learning culture.

just culture.

reporting culture.

What human attitudes have been found to be particularly hazardous to aviation?

Anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation, complacency.

Resignation, shyness, impulsivity, complacency, invulnerability.

Anti-authority, macho, invulnerability, complacency, co-operative, impulsivity.

Impulsivity, irascibility, complacency, anti-authority, resignation, invulnerability.

Select the correct statement concerning the human ear from the options below.

When standing upright, the utriculus senses linear acceleration along the z axis as well as gravity.

At the oval window, vibrating the chain of ossicles induces pressure waves in the endolymph.

Presbycusis (hearing loss with age) is due to gradual wear of the chain of ossicles.

The chain of ossicles is in the middle ear and connects the vibrations in the tympanic membrane to the sensors in the semicircular canals.

The crew of an Airbus A320 is flying towards an airport in severe thunderstorms and reported wind shear conditions. Due to several aircraft going around, delays are to be expected and the crew is cleared into a holding pattern. Preoccupied with the weather ahead of them, the crew fails to notice that they have accidentally pulled back the thrust levers too far, disabling the autothrottle. As airspeed drops, and aerodynamic buffet sets in, it is interpreted by the crew as entry into turbulence. When the aircraft actually stalls, the crew is convinced to have encountered wind shear and performs the appropriate escape manoeuvre. As the manoeuvre includes applying full thrust, the crew can successfully recover from the stall and land safely. What is correct regarding the initial error?

It is a latent error, because it could only manifest itself because of the wind shear conditions.

Applying the SHELL model, the error was due to environmental issues.

It can be regarded as a violation, as approaches in wind shear are forbidden by most companies’ SOPs.

The error was due to internal factors.

Which of the following describes internal respiration?

The exchange of gases O₂ and CO₂ between the air and the alveoli.

The exchange of gases O₂ and CO₂ inside the cells of the body.

The exchange of gases O₂ and CO₂ between the air and capillary arteries of the lung.

The exchange of gases O₂ and CO₂ in the bronchi.

What are the main sources of error in a pilot’s decision-making mechanism?

Biases affecting unprejudiced decision making; external factors such as peer pressure and group behaviour.

Determination of the situational risk or hazard; assessment of the environmental circumstances.

Identification of tactical actions in the given situation; anticipating the consequences of the available options.

Situation assessment and its associated level of risk; selection of the appropriate course of action.

Non-verbal communication...

can serve as a substitute for oral speech.

is cross-culturally understood.

is used only if verbal clarity is not possible.

is always clearly interpretable.

A pilot is on final approach over uniformly rising terrain towards a flat runway. This creates the visual illusion of being too...

slow, which leads the pilot to steepen the approach or add power.

low, which leads the pilot to fly a more shallow approach.

high, which leads the pilot to increase the rate of descent.

fast, which leads the pilot to reduce power too soon.

When in the sleep cycle do REM phases normally occur?

At the later stages of the sleep cycle and their duration increases with every cycle.

At the middle stages of the sleep cycle.

At the early stages of the sleep cycle.

At every stage of the sleep cycle and their duration increases with every cycle.

Which of the following materials may release dangerously toxic fumes during an aircraft cabin fume or fire event, creating a serious risk to passengers and crew?

Electrical insulation

Aluminium material

Anti ice fluid

Cabin upholstery plastic

The gas or fluid used or transported in aviation which is both extremely toxic and corrosive is...

Mercury.

Hydraulic fluid.

Fire extinguishing agent.

Carbon monoxide.

Which of the following options has the lowest relative humidity in the cabin?

High temperature outside and low temperature in the cabin.

Low temperature outside and high temperature in the cabin.

High temperature outside and high temperature in the cabin.

Low temperature outside and low temperature in the cabin.

What level of received noise can cause Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)?

Exposure to sudden, low frequencies below 20 Hz and/or continuous, high frequencies above 20 kHz.

A one-time exposure to impulse noise above 120 dB and/or continuous exposure to noise above 85 dB.

Exposure to loud, intense sounds above 85 dB and low, continuous frequencies below 20 Hz.

Exposure to continuous, high frequencies above 10 kHz and intense sounds above 120 dB.

Which of the following is an example of the disadvantage of automation on crew communication?

A lot of raw data are available to the pilots, which has the negative effect of reducing the need for crew to communicate.

Visual indications of systems mean that crew cannot communicate properly.

Both aural and visual alerts reduce the need for crew communication.

Aural indications of systems mean that crew cannot communicate properly.

Which one of these statements describes a fume event? 1. Suspicious smell in the cabin 2. Smoke in the cockpit 3. Oil spill in front of the landing gear 4. Black stain around the engine exhaust pipe 5. Purple trails of fluid from gaps in the wing or tail surfaces

2, 4, 5

1, 3, 5

1, 2, 3

1, 2, 4

Which of the following options lists the elements of the SHELL concept?

Environment, System, Liveware, Hardware.

Human factors, Liveware, Software, Environment.

Software, Hardware, Events, Liveware.

Liveware, Software, Environment, Hardware.

A commercial organisation invests heavily in new technology solely to reduce a hazard that has a safety risk index of "acceptable". According to ICAO Doc 9859, what is the probable outcome?

The cost can reduce profits with minimal safety improvements, and could lead to bankruptcy.

The "safety space" of the organisation will be significantly improved.

The organisation will significantly increase its safety level, attracting more customers, and could increase profits.

The risk index for this individual hazard will rise.

In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to: 1. avoid the synchronization of verbal and non-verbal channels 2. send information in line with the receiver's decoding abilities 3. always concentrate on the informational aspects of the message only 4. avoid increasing the number of communication channels, in order to simplify communication. The correct statement(s) is (are)...

only 2 is correct

3 and 4 are correct

1, 2 and 3 are correct

2 and 4 are correct

Which behaviour is typically found in the resistance phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

Relaxed actions.

Bodily recuperation.

Application of mental coping strategies.

Fight or flight.

What is the correct order in which light passes through the components of the human eye?

Cornea, lens, retina, iris/pupil

Iris/pupil, lens, cornea, Retina

Cornea, iris/pupil, lens, Retina

Iris/pupil, retina, lens, Cornea

What can cause a decrease in tolerance of stress?

Too many stressors.

Bad circumstances.

Lack of social support.

Genetics.

An aircraft departs from a major airport. According to the pre-flight brief, the Commander flies the departure procedure and the Co-Pilot monitors speed, level, and communications. After departure, due to the distraction caused by ATC transmissions, the Co-Pilot retracts the flaps without noticing that the speed is below that required for flap retraction. While responding to the subsequent speed warning, the Commander allows the aircraft to climb above its cleared altitude. What are the error types illustrated in this scenario? 1. Communication error: Co-Pilot fails to inform the Commander of the speed before retracting the flaps 2. Communication error: Co-Pilot fails to tell the Commander about the altitude deviation 3. Handling error: Commander fails to control the speed and fails to control the rate of climb 4. Procedural error: Co-Pilot fails to monitor the speed and altitude 5. Procedural error: Commander fails to achieve the correct flap retraction speed 6. Procedural error: Commander and Co-Pilot fail to level the aircraft at the cleared altitude

1, 4 and 5.

2, 5, and 6.

1, 2, 3, and 5.

3 and 4.

A pilot is performing a visual final approach at night when he/she asks the control tower to dim the runway lights, as he/she realises that his/her capacity to judge the distance from the runway is diminished. Is that request justified?

No, because the focussing process relies on the amount of light passing through the cornea and pupil, and so the light intensity is important for depth perception.

Yes, because the lens needs time to accommodate a different light intensity, and the ability to focus is affected by changes in the light intensity.

No, because the pupil will narrow quickly due to the bright runway lights, reducing the amount of light entering the eye, and enabling the cones to function properly.

Yes, because depth perception may be impaired if the rods and cones on the retina are exposed to bright light after dark adaptation.

Considering Rasmussen's model of information processing when making decisions based on weather information, the processing...

By an experienced pilot involves only the knowledge-based level.

By an experienced pilot involves only the rule-based level.

Always involves the skill-based, rule-based, and knowledge-based levels.

Involves the rule-based and knowledge-based levels.

A student pilot is planning a flight and thinks he needs more fuel. The instructor says something indicating disagreement. The student replies, "I trust you, you know the aircraft more than I do. But I think we really should take more fuel; we would have more options if we took 30 more minutes of fuel." What communication technique is the student using?

Inquiry.

Metacommunication.

Paraphrasing.

Advocacy.

Diastolic pressure is related to the...

Artery system and is the highest pressure of the heartbeat.

Venous system and is the pressure during the resting phase between heartbeats.

Artery system and is the pressure during the resting phase between heartbeats.

Venous system and is the highest pressure of the heartbeat.

A pilot is executing an approach to an upsloping runway over flat terrain without any navigation aids available. The pilot may experience the illusion that the glide path is (1) _____ and there the pilot should look on their instruments to avoid flying with a (2) _____ angle than they should.

(1) low; (2) steeper

(1) low; (2) smaller

(1) steep; (2) steeper

(1) steep; (2) smaller

You are departing from an aerodrome at night. Which of the following illusions might you experience?

Black hole effect because of the lack of visual cues at night.

False horizon due to a sloping cloud.

False horizon mistaking the lights on the ground for stars.

Autokinesis mistaking the lights on the ground for stars.

A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33 700 ft is the equivalent of breathing air at...

10 000 ft.

8000 ft.

sea level.

21 300 ft.

Angina pectoris can lead to...

chest pain.

death of a piece of the heart muscle.

chest pain and leg pain, deadly.

pain in the joints.

Flying in the cruise, an aircraft suffers an engine failure. The way a pilot acts in response to this is their (1) _____, which depends on their (2) _____.

(1) attitude; (2) behaviour

(1) behaviour; (2) personality

(1) behaviour; (2) attitude.

(1) attitude; (2) personality

At what altitude will blood oxygen saturation affect a pilot’s judgement?

25 000 ft

30 000 ft

20 000 ft

10 000 ft

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