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In which phase of the GAS is cortisol released?

Resistance.

Exhaustion.

Alarm.

Recovery.

What are the main components of Safety Management System (SMS)?

Safety Policy, Safety Risk Organisation, Safety Awareness and Safety Promotion.

Safety Rules, Safety Risk Organisation, Safety Awareness and Safety Promotion.

Safety Policy, Safety Risk Management, Safety Assurance and Safety Promotion.

Safety Regulations, Safety Risk Management, Safety Awareness and Safety Promotion.

Crew Resource Management (CRM) is mostly concerned with the cognitive and interpersonal skills needed to manage the flight within an organised aviation system. In this context, cognitive skills are defined as the mental processes used for...

gaining and maintaining situational awareness, for solving problems and for taking decisions.

acquiring the technical knowledge and skills required to fly and operate an aircraft.

establishing the required technical skills to complete the mission successfully.

defining a proper interpersonal framework to establish effective communication among the crew members.

What is the phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which individual members display extreme conformity with the group, resulting in a false agreement, called?

Group conformity.

Groupfalse.

Group compliance.

Groupthink.

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between habits and behaviour?

Personality is a product of someone's good and bad habits.

Habits and behaviour are unrelated.

New habits can be generated when behaviour changes.

Behaviour always changes with habits.

A cerebral stroke is one of the types of incapacitation that can end a pilot’s career. What is the most common underlying cause of a stroke?

Hypotension.

Obesity.

Hypertension.

Coronary artery disease.

A pilot who has recently had surgery is now suffering from a runny nose. Which of the following is the most likely reason this could lead to incapacitation?

Side effects of medication

Barotrauma

Nausea

Surgery

What is true about cosmic radiation?

It does NOT originate from the sun so it is NOT affected by random solar activity.

It originates from the sun (normal activity) and decreases with latitude.

It originates from the sun (normal and random activity) and increases with altitude.

It is affected by solar activity (normal and random) and increases with latitude.

With which risk is skill based behaviour associated?

Confirmation bias

Action Slip

Error of commission

Deviation from standard operating procedures

Select the correct definition of human blood pressure...

Systolic pressure is generated by the contractions of the heart, when it pumps blood towards the periphery of the body, and it is the highest pressure value.

Diastolic pressure is the highest blood pressure value, and it is measured when the heart contracts to force blood back from the periphery of the body.

Diastolic pressure is the lowest measurable pressure exerted by the heart on the vein walls, when the blood flows towards the heart to be re-oxygenated.

The lowest blood pressure values are measured between contractions of the heart on the artery walls, and are called systolic pressure.

A stress reaction is the...

non-specific response of the body to demands placed on a person.

non-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond.

specific stimuli causing a human body to respond.

specific response of the body to demands placed on a person.

An instructor and student are flying IFR at night in a non-pressurised aircraft with no supplemental oxygen. During the flight, the instructor notices the student having a significant reduction in night vision. Which physiological threshold has likely been reached, and what altitude or range of altitudes is associated with this threshold?

The critical threshold, at 15 000 to 18 000 ft.

The reaction threshold, at 7000 ft.

The disturbance threshold, at 10 000 - 12 000 ft.

The arousal threshold, between 10 000 and 12 000 ft.

Which of the following problems can be caused by wearing contact lenses?

Poor peripheral vision and occasional misting.

The lenses may become dislodged when the humidity is too high.

A reduction in colour vision, especially at high altitudes.

Increased corneal damage due to mild hypoxia and dehydration.

A captain who has just recently been trained to a new aircraft type is learning the memory items for an emergency procedure. What is the type of learning described?

classical conditioning, learning to react immediately to the physical stimuli (e.g. warning lights) associated with the emergency and activating the correct procedure automatically.

trial-and-error learning, where the pilot practises repeatedly in order to correctly complete the emergency procedure, without hesitation, from detecting the stimuli (e.g. warning lights) to a safe recovery.

operative conditioning, which is a behaviouristic type of learning: recognising the physical stimuli (e.g. warning lights) associated with the emergency and learning to carry out the correct actions automatically.

cognitive learning, which involves understanding the emergency and its possible causes, knowledge of the aircraft, and integrating the information from the Manual with the pilot's aeronautical knowledge.

Which of the following statements is correct? Retrograde amnesia is the loss of old memories, and...

The strongest effects are usually on semantic memory.

Primarily affects working memory.

Usually affects short-term memory.

The strongest effects are usually on episodic memory.

Choose the statement which correctly defines an “illusion” ...

It is a failure to detect a flawed mental picture, caused by a tendency to seek information which confirms one’s current impression.

It is an incorrect mental model caused by a lack of specific knowledge stored in long-term memory.

It is an incorrect or incomplete picture of the situation caused by deficient sensory organs (e.g., colour blindness or hearing loss).

It is a false impression which is generated when the brain misinterprets sensory information.

A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen, will pass the "critical threshold" at approximately...

38 000 ft.

16 000 ft.

12 000 ft.

20 000 ft.

What statement is correct about role patterns in group situations?

In group situations such as multi-crew, all crew members have similar roles.

Roles have nothing to do with expectations.

Roles are defined by personality and behaviour.

Roles are partly defined by the expectations associated with a position.

The ability of the lens to change its shape is called...

accommodation.

binocular vision.

adaptation.

depth perception.

What is Group cohesion?

It is the fact that group performance is superior to the sum of each individual's performance.

It is the process of negotiation and decision-making by the individual group members.

It is the subtle bonds between individual group members due to sympathy or dependency.

It is the gradient of cockpit authority between the Commander and Co-Pilot.

A single pilot operating a multi-engine piston aircraft in cruise receives an engine oil warning. The pilot immediately carries out the abnormal checklist and shuts down the affected engine, without cross-checking the remaining engine indications, which are all normal. The warning later proves to be false. In terms of automation complacency, what type of error does this situation represent?

Passive monitoring

Blinkered attention

Confusion

Skill-based error

In the cockpit there is the captain, first officer and a student pilot who has been invited to the observer seat. Prior to take-off, the first officer completes checkpoints in the checklist, which the captain accepts with ease. The student watches the pilots and understands what they are doing. What are the behaviours in this situation?

Captain - autonomous, first officer - cognitive, student pilot - associative.

Captain - associative, first officer - autonomous, student pilot - cognitive.

Captain - autonomous, first officer - associative, student pilot - cognitive.

Captain - cognitive, first officer - associative, student pilot - autonomous.

Which of the following statements is true about the layers of the Swiss Cheese model?

They represent safeguards designed to prevent accidents.

They represent errors in the system which can lead to an accident.

They represent active failures.

They represent latent conditions which can lead to an accident.

An aircraft is approaching over deep water to a runway which lies perpendicular to a rocky shoreline. The sky is blue and cloudless. What will be the pilot’s perception?

No impact on perception.

He/she feels like being too high, which may result in a short landing.

He/she may experience a black hole illusion, so he/she needs to rely on his/her instruments.

He/she feels like being too low, which may result in a long landing.

Which of the following may cause anemia?1. The main cause is iron deficiency2. Malaria3. Smoking4. The main cause is potassium deficiency

2, 3 and 4.

1, 2 and 3.

1 and 2.

3 and 4.

At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is approximately...

450 ml/min.

5 litres/min.

75 litres/min.

45 litres/min.

What would be the effect if, in a tight turn, one bends down to pick up a pencil?

Vertigo.

Barotrauma.

Coriolis illusion.

Inversion Illusion.

During a normal pre-flight inspection, after climbing several times up and down the aircraft to perform all the required checks, the pilot notices an increase in his/her rate of breathing. This occurs because the brain detects (1) _____ concentration of (2) _____ in the blood, so it stimulates a change in the ventilation rate, to (3) _____ the acidity of the body.

(1) an increased; (2) carbon dioxide; (3) increase

(1) an increased; (2) carbon dioxide; (3) reduce

(1) an increased; (2) carbon monoxide; (3) increase

(1) a reduced; (2) carbon dioxide; (2) reduce

During the final approach in a single-pilot aircraft, the pilot receives a wind shear warning in the cockpit. He/she decides, incorrectly, to continue the approach. The investigation of the incident concludes that the pilot was NOT aware of the procedure dictating a go-around. This human error can be attributed to the following pair of the SHELL mode:Liveware, representing the Commander and...

Environment representing the weather conditions.

Hardware representing the cockpit warning.

Error representing pilots lack of familiarity with the procedures.

Software representing the procedures.

What are the effects of stress on individual performance?

It improves memory and enhances multitasking.

It reduces reliability due to impaired cognitive performance.

It decreases attention and increases motivation.

It causes physical fatigue without affecting mental performance.

What is the factor that can negatively influence decision-making?

Sufficient time.

Biases and group effects.

Clear communication.

Initial plan continuation and incorrect mental picture.

Flying a daytime visual approach with reduced visibility due to fog, rain or haze can give the illusion that the aircraft is...

faster than it actually is on the approach, and the pilot risks reducing power too early and landing short of the runway.

closer to the runway than it actually is, and the pilot has a tendency to fly a much steeper approach.

at a greater distance from the runway than it actually is, and the pilot tends to fly a shallow glide path and land long.

lower than it actually is on the approach, and the pilot risks landing long and overshooting the runway by staying higher.

The memory type that stores our skills is...

episodic, semantic and procedural.

working memory.

long term memory.

semantic memory.

A student pilot is seated in a rotating chamber without any outside visual reference. He/she is told to move his/her head up and down slowly. Soon he/she starts to feel dizzy and nausea sets in. What is the reason for this?

Black hole effect

Coriolis effect

Spatial disorientation

Flicker vertigo

The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of about...

1 day for 50% of jetlag, thereafter 2 – 2.5 hours a day.

2 – 2.5 hours a day.

2 days for 50% of jetlag, thereafter 1 – 1.5 hours a day.

4 – 4.5 hours a day.

Which one of the following is a requirement for checklists?

All the letters should be upper case so that words can be read faster.

They must contain good cross-referencing and one colour should be used for consistency.

Pages of paper checklists should be divided by protruding thumb-locators.

They must be responded to automatically in order to show skill and familiarity.

Consider emergency situations such as engine failure in a helicopter or an impending stall in an aeroplane. Audio and visual warnings and the aircraft's attitude are stimuli to which the pilot must very quickly react by carrying out the correct recovery manoeuvre (autorotation or upset prevention).What is the most effective form of learning to allow the pilot to react quickly to the stimuli and carry out the correct manoeuvre?

Cognitive learning.

Experience.

Operant conditioning.

Insight.

On 8th July 2010, the crew of a Boeing 737 from Nice to Frankfurt was cleared by the controller of Sector L14 to continue its climb to FL320. In an adjacent sector, the crew of an Airbus 319 from London to Milan were cleared to leave FL390 and to descend to FL330. The instruction was read back correctly, but the pilots incorrectly entered FL320 into the FMS. Upon being handed off to sector L14, the Airbus called the controller:"Easy 529 Yankee, descending FL320 on radar heading 150"The controller identified the traffic, however he/she did not realise the incorrect flight level reported by the Airbus. Shortly after, the two aircraft were converging on FL320 and triggered potential conflict alerts on both the controller's system and the on-board TCAS of each aircraft. Corrective action had to be taken by each aircraft to re-establish separation.Select the option which correctly states the type of communication and associated disadvantage which are illustrated by this serious incident of a "level bust" with resulting loss of separation.

Implicit communication, which is open to interpretation due to receiving erroneous or inconsistent pieces of information.

Explicit communication, which is prone to confirmation bias, that is, we hear what we expect to hear and NOT what is being said.

Implicit communication, which is prone to being biased towards hearing a message in accordance with one's mental picture of a situation.

Explicit communication, which means that the message is difficult to identify and is open to multiple interpretations.

The Cocktail Party Effect is associated with...

cohesion.

attention mechanisms.

adaptation.

communications.

Compared with day operations, what differences should a pilot adopt when seeking to identify a possible collision threat at night?

Move the eyes in small arcs to induce a moving image on the retina for the rods to identify.

Focus on the instrument panel to allow the rods to identify objects outside.

Spend twice as much time with the eyes remaining still during each saccade of the lookout scan.

Cover one eye to avoid being affected by the “blind spot”.

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