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The pilot of a multi-engined aircraft has quite a high workload, looking out for traffic and also concentrating on following ATC instructions to avoid a potential traffic conflict. After a very brief look at the instruments, the pilot's eyes automatically focus on the analogue engine gauges. He/she quickly sees that one needle indicates an abnormally high oil pressure value for the left engine. What statement correctly explains how the brain is storing and processing the information from the instruments in the above scenario?

The indications from all the instruments are stored as information in the pilot's working memory. The pilot then consciously and quickly processes the information and decides that one engine's oil pressure value is abnormal.

The pilot detects the abnormal value by making a detailed scan of all the instruments, complying with the procedures requiring continuous cross-checking of instruments during flight. His/her selective attention is focussed on all the instruments' values.

The attention of the pilot is split between focussing inside the cockpit and looking outside. The indications from the instruments are stored for up to 20 seconds in the visual sensory store, enabling the pilot to process their information whilst following the ATC instructions.

The visual image of the abnormal value is stored in the sensory store for about 1 second. The pilot automatically reacts to the abnormality by looking at the gauges, and then his/her attention consciously focuses on their indications.

Resignation is a hazardous attitude due to the fact that...

it can have a negative effect over the self-esteem of the crew.

it will influence the other crew members not to think about their actions in the future.

it can influence the crew member who is resigned to have a hope for the future actions.

the crew can have a bad behavior afterwards.

What is the permissible blood alcohol concentration limit in aviation?

2 per thousand or more restrictive by the operator excluding preparing the flight and during flight operations.

2 per thousand or more restrictive by the operator when preparing the flight and during flight operations.

0.2 per thousand or more restrictive by the operator when preparing the flight and during flight operations.

0.2 per thousand or more restrictive by the operator excluding preparing the flight and during flight operations.

Which option correctly lists, from the items below, possible symptoms of stress? 1. Depression or anxiety 2. Low blood pressure 3. Sleep disturbances 4. Abuse of psychoactive substances

3 and 4 only

1 and 3 only

1, 3, and 4 only

2, 3, and 4 only

The flight crew of an aircraft is executing a checklist. The pilots should (1) _____ and ensure that they (2) _____ in order to (3) _____.

(1) sequentially go through each of the items of the checklist; (2) remain focused; (3) maintain an adequate level of arousal

(1) remain focused; (2) maintain an adequate level of arousal; (3) sequentially go through each of the items of the checklist

(1) sequentially go through each of the items of the checklist; (2) pay attention; (3) remain focused

(1) pay attention; (2) remain focused; (3) maintain an adequate level of arousal

Mental models are based on (1) _____ and can be negatively influenced by (2) _____. Fill in the blanks to complete this statement correctly.

(1) expectations; (2) learning

(1) learning; (2) past experiences

(1) past experiences; (2) expectations

(1) safety culture; (2) learning

Circadian rhythms are governed by a biological "internal clock". Select the correct statement...

Sleep, body temperature and hunger circadian are rhythms that can be shifted by about 90 minutes per day, by consciously changing the internal clock.

The internal clock adapts slowly, and beyond one's conscious control, to changes in the daily schedule of sleeping, waking and eating.

The internal clock can be adjusted quickly by modifying one's behaviour, as it reacts rapidly to changes in the daily schedule of sleeping, waking and eating.

The circadian rhythms have an autonomous cycle of 25 hours, but the internal clock regulates them to a 24-hour cycle.

During final approach on a multi-crew commercial flight, PM is busy speaking to ATC when the PF changes the autopilot mode, and makes the appropriate call-out, but PM does not hear the call-out. Which of the following has occurred?

A communication error by the flight crew due to high workload

A lack of SA by PF

A procedural error

A communication threat due to automation complacency

On March 27th 1977, at Tenerife Airfield, a Pan American and KLM aircraft were involved in a crash leading to multiple fatalities. On the day the visibility was severely restricted due to fog. The KLM aircraft received a flight clearance and the First Officer completed his readback with "we are now ready for take-off". The controller replied "OK, stand by for take-off". At this time there was a transmission from another aircraft on the frequency which interrupted this message from the controller, the result being that the KLM crew only heard "OK". The KLM Captain interpreted "OK" as take-off clearance and started the take-off roll. The Pan Am aircraft was still taxiing on the runway and the two collided. In relation to this accident described above what type of communication and associated disadvantage are illustrated?

Explicit communication, since the message was interrupted and should have required clarification with the controller.

Explicit communication and as such open to interpretation by either the flight crew or controller.

Implicit communication, which is prone to technical limitation such as multiple transmissions on the same frequency.

Implicit communication which may be misinterpreted due to the fundamental differences between verbal and non verbal communication.

Select the correct combination which includes the different types of long-term memory: 1. Episodic memory 2. Cognitive memory 3. Sensory store 4. Semantic memory 5. Procedural memory 6. Working memory

1, 4 and 5.

2, 3 and 6.

1, 2 and 6.

3, 4 and 5.

During the day, a pilot who is assigned an afternoon flying duty begins to feel slight cold symptoms, though they do NOT cause him/her any discomfort. The pilot...

can decide that he/she is fit to fly and accept the flying duty because the symptoms are very mild.

think carefully about flying as cold symptoms can become worse in case of flight above FL250, while they are NOT affected when flying at lower levels.

should seek medical advice because the symptoms could become worse and pose a risk to his/her ability to safely pilot the aircraft.

can accept the flying duty because some of the symptoms will be alleviated in the in-flight environment.

An aeroplane is flying at 2500 ft. The SPEED mode is active on the autothrottle. The first radio altimeter starts to display a non-correct value (-8 ft). This behaviour of the radio altimeter will automatically cancel the SPEED mode of the auto-throttle. The pilots noticed the malfunction of the first radio altimeter but didn't notice the deactivation of the SPEED mode and, as the second radio altimeter was acting well, they continued on, using the second rad-alt. When intercepting the ILS Glide Slope, both crew believe that the autothrottle is still in SPEED mode and therefore, they do not understand why the speed is not being actively managed by the aircraft. Which of the following terms describes the crew's lack of understanding in this situation?

Automation complacency.

Mode confusion.

High situational awareness.

Blinkered concentration.

On final approach at night, the aircraft ahead reports being illuminated by a green laser. Diversion is NOT an option. To minimise the risk of flash blindness from such laser, what should the crew do? 1. Increase the cockpit lighting 2. Reduce the cockpit lighting 3. Rub the eyes in case the laser strikes 4. One crew member should look only at the instruments

1 and 4

2 and 3

1 and 3

2 and 4

A crew is performing a long-haul flight, when about 35 minutes into the cruise, with the autopilot engaged, they realise that they have failed to actively check the instruments in the last 10 minutes. They recognise the signs of hypovigilance. Hypovigilance...

Can be the consequence of a low cognitive workload, where attention becomes focused on specific items or tasks, especially in a highly automated cockpit during the cruise.

Is likely to occur during the cruise as effective monitoring has a high cognitive workload but is unrewarding, and can result in a passive attitude.

Is a result of boredom, and is associated with a low cognitive workload; it is therefore common to enter a state of hypovigilance during a high-workload task such as monitoring during the cruise.

Is likely to result in automation complacency, because monitoring is a low cognitive workload task that leads to low stress levels.

The pilot monitoring speaks out loud whenever he/she changes an input setting on a navigation instrument. The pilot flying detects an error in one digit set and immediately point out the mistake so that it can be corrected. According to threat and error management (TEM), this is an example of...

prevention-countermeasure, designed to avoid errors in instrument settings.

planning-countermeasure, useful to help prevent latent threats.

execution-countermeasure, aimed to help detect possible errors.

review-countermeasure, which is required to cross-check actions of the other crew member.

Considering a typical civil aviation environment, what can be said about the following statement? "The Safety Culture is relatively enduring, stable and resistant to change."

Neither true nor false. Characteristics of Safety Cultures vary significantly among the organizations and depend on many factors. In many organizations the Safety Culture can be stable and resistant to change while in many other ones it might be relatively unstable and not resistant to change.

It is false.

It is true.

Neither true nor false. Safety Culture has nothing to do with aviation as it is always defined primarily by the generally prevailing attitude characteristics within a specific geographic region or a country.

Which of the following can be called a "stressor"?

Increased level of adrenaline

High heart rate

All answers are correct

Increased cockpit noise

Which of the following statements concerning stress is correct?

Stress always creates a state of high tension which decreases cognitive and behavioural performance.

Stress will be evaluated differently depending on whether it improves or reduces performance.

Stress is evaluated as a positive mechanism only in connection with precise tasks of the kind encountered in aeronautics.

Stress is a necessary way of demonstrating one's own work.

An identical situation can be experienced by one pilot as exciting in a positive sense and by another pilot as threatening. In both cases:

Both pilots will experience the same amount of stress

Both pilots will loose their motor-coordination

The arousal level of both pilots will be raised

The pilot feeling threatened, will be much more relaxed, than the pilot looking forward to what may happen

Check the following statements: 1. A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely to be aware of personal performance degradation 2. Performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes after awaking from a short sleep (nap)

1 is correct 2 is false

1 is false, 2 is correct

1 and 2 are both correct

1 and 2 are both false

Considering the Threat and Error Management (TEM) model, which of the following situations is considered an error?

Inadequate control inputs resulting in a hard landing and the collapse of the landing gear.

A lateral offset from the cleared track as a result of a drifting IRS.

Take-off with less than the legally required amount of fuel on board due to an erroneous calculation by the dispatch crew.

A descent below the glide path in wind shear.

The effects of otic barotrauma may worsen during the aircraft’s descent because of a certain tendency that prevents equalisation of the pressure differential. What is this tendency? As the outside air pressure increases, the lower pressure of the air entrapped within the...

inner ear tends to also constrict the walls of the Otolith tube.

middle ear tends to also constrict the walls of the Otolith tube.

middle ear tends to also constrict the walls of the Eustachian tube.

inner ear tends to also constrict the walls of the Eustachian tube.

A student pilot is planning his/her first VFR cross-country flight with full landings at different aerodromes. The runway dimensions of the training base aerodrome are 980 m x 30 m, and the runway dimensions of the first destination aerodrome are 2420 m x 45 m. What should the student pilot be aware of?

The student pilot could under-estimate distance when approaching the destination aerodrome, leading him/her to reduce airspeed and height too soon, with the risk of landing short.

When returning to the base aerodrome, the runway would appear smaller than usual, and the student pilot could perform an approach that is faster than normal and undershoot the runway.

When returning to the base aerodrome, the runway would appear smaller than usual, and the student pilot could perform an approach that is too slow, with the risk of overshooting the runway.

The student pilot could overestimate height and distance on approach to the destination aerodrome, leading him/her to approach too fast and overshoot the runway.

Which of the following are typical symptoms associated with gastroenteritis?

1, 3, 4.

1, 2, 3, 4.

1, 4, 5, 6.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

What is true about an aircraft flying over the ocean during daytime, approaching an airport located close to the shoreline, particularly when there is rocky terrain before the runway?

Height judgment is difficult due to vestibular illusions.

There is a risk of overestimating the height over the sea and underestimating the height over the land.

The pilot is likely to suffer from black hole illusion and must trust the instruments.

There is a risk of underestimating the height over the sea and overestimating the height over the land.

What is meant by presbycusis?

Total loss of hearing in both ears due to disease.

Gradual onset of long-sightedness with age.

Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the cockpit.

Gradual loss of hearing with age.

Which of the following statements about body temperature and its relevance to sleep patterns is correct?

The daily variation in body temperature is the most important circadian rhythm for sleep, and it varies significantly among individuals. A pilot should recognise his/her personal pattern in order to effectively plan sleep timing and duration.

The circadian variation in body temperature is the same for most people (who are adapted to the local time and work/sleep cycle). It is critical for determining the timing, duration and therefore quality of sleep.

The circadian variation in body temperature is the same for most people (who are adapted to the local time and work/sleep cycle). Morning sunlight synchronises the body temperature rhythm to the local time, allowing a person to quickly adjust to the local time zone.

When the body temperature rises it takes longer to fall asleep, but the sleep will be of better quality and longer duration. Because body temperature rises in the evening it is better to go to bed early in the evening.

During simulator training, a student pilot incorrectly identifies an engine failure as a high-pressure system malfunction. What category of error does this represent?

Latent error

Decision error

Skill-based error

Execution error

A pain in the ear is worse during the descent than climb because...

during the climb the humidity in the middle ear is greater than that of the cabin.

the air in the middle ear is at a lower pressure than the cabin, closing the Eustachian tube and preventing pressure equalisation.

during the descent the cabin altitude increases faster than the Eustachian tube can open.

the air pressure in the inner ear increases more slowly than the cabin’s, extending the time taken to equalise the pressure between the middle ear and environment.

The pilot of a multi-crew aircraft experiences chest pain radiating to the left arm. What is true regarding the symptoms and their likely consequences?

These symptoms indicate angina pectoris, also known as a heart attack, and damage to the heart muscle will occur.

These symptoms indicate a heart attack (myocardial infarction), and damage to the heart muscle may occur depending on the severity and duration.

These symptoms indicate angina pectoris, and damage to the heart muscle does not occur.

These symptoms indicate fatigue and stress with no cardiac involvement.

What are the three physiological thresholds and their corresponding altitudes?

Reaction Threshold (7000 ft), Disturbance Threshold (10-12 000 ft), Critical Threshold (22 000 ft).

Disturbance Threshold (5000 ft), Distress Threshold (10 000 ft), Compensatory Threshold (20 000 ft).

Reaction Threshold (8000 ft), Disturbance Threshold (13 000 ft), Critical Threshold (22 000 ft).

Disturbance Threshold (7000 ft), Reaction Threshold (10-12 000 ft), Critical Threshold (22 000 ft).

Which of the following are more likely to cause perception problems in flight?

1, 2, 3 and 4.

1, 3 and 4.

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

1, 2 and 5.

What is the correct technique for a visual scan at night in comparison with a visual scan during the day?

Scan shorter segments at a slower speed.

Scan shorter segments at a faster speed.

Scan larger segments at a faster pace.

Scan larger segments at a slower speed.

Pilots often use mnemonics to remember multiple words, phrases or sentences (in the correct order if required). This increases the amount of information that can be stored in the...

working memory

episodic memory

procedural memory

long term memory

Automation (autoflight) is aimed to aid and protect the flight of aircraft. Select the correct statement...

Primary flight computers can fully control an aircraft, aiding the crew in preventing the aircraft from exceeding limitations, and to fly efficiently. One automation concept has the pilot as the last operator while another allows the automation to correct pilot error.

Automation is more reliable than humans but the crew are more capable than the automation of making decisions and performing in unexpected situations and emergencies. Therefore, central to all automation concepts is that the pilot is the last operator.

Automation can reduce crew workload and protect from exceeding aircraft limitations, especially in an emergency or unexpected condition. For this reason automation concepts always ensure that the flight computers have ultimate control authority, to correct for pilot error.

In a fly-by-wire aircraft, computer-controlled flight modes are used to control surface movements and prevent the aircraft from exceeding operational limits; in such aircraft, the pilot has full control authority and therefore is the last operator.

The co-pilot is assigned the role of communicating with ATC. The ATC relays to the co-pilot the clearance, and the co-pilot responds with an incorrect clearance. The ATC controller and the PIC fail to notice the co-pilot makes an incorrect read back. What errors have occurred?

Handling error by the co-pilot, and procedural error by the ATC and PIC.

Communication error by the co-pilot and ATC, handling error by the PIC.

Communication error by the co-pilot, PIC, and ATC.

Handling error by the co-pilot, and procedural error by the PIC.

A typical example of an environmental threat according to the TEM model would be...

Heavy workload and minimum legal breaks for relaxation.

Missing or confusing markings of taxiways and runways.

Missing readback of clearances between flight deck and ATC.

Taxiing on the wrong taxiways.

Which of the following factors may cause anaemia?

2 and 3

1 and 3

1 and 2

1 only

The errors associated with motor programmes are...

environmental capture (habituation) and error of commission.

action slip and environmental capture (habituation).

confirmation error and error of commission.

action slip and confirmation bias.

An aircraft is accelerating down the runway, how is this percieved by the pilot?

Lateral acceleration.

Angular acceleration.

Linear acceleration.

Radial acceleration.

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