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Retrograde amnesia causes loss of memory of events and...

working memory.

semantic memory.

short term memory.

episodic memory.

Cosmic radiation...

is at its strongest at very high latitudes.

originates mainly from the sun.

consists mainly of alpha-radiation.

decreases when altitude increases.

Which of the following may be considered as an effect of stress on human behaviour?

Unreliability

Headaches

Fast breathing

Hormonal disorder

One illusion that pilots experience in conditions of fog or mist are that objects appear to be...

further away than they really are and this can lead to shallow approaches.

closer than they really are and this can lead to steep approaches.

closer than they really are and this can lead to shallow approaches.

further away than they really are and this can lead to steep approaches.

What is the SMS component that deals with safety education and communication?

Safety risk management.

Safety promotion.

Safety assurance.

Safety policy.

Influencing the level of radiation, in order of their relative importance, are...

altitude, latitude, solar activity (e.g. solar flares), and height of the ionosphere.

altitude, airspeed, the Earth's magnetic field, and solar activity (e.g. solar flares).

altitude, latitude, normal solar activity, and random solar activity (e.g. solar flares).

latitude, altitude, space weather (e.g. solar storms), and the Earth's magnetic field.

Risk management is more effective with what component of a safety culture?

Reactive culture

Justification culture

No blame culture

Informed culture

Pilots need to keep hydrated. Water helps the body to...

retain its waste materials for long periods during flight.

regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.

absorb nutrients.

reduce the risk of hypothermia.

The following is an example of a "hard" systematic-based countermeasure that flight crew use to manage threats, error, and undesired aircraft states...

The internal safety reporting scheme that is part of the Operator's Management System.

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS).

Definition and communication of roles and responsibilities for normal and non-normal situations.

The read-back of ATC clearances.

How can you describe the top down process?

Comparing data stored in the brain with the new precepted information, possibly adding missing data.

A data controlling process for protecting the brain from adding and saving irrelevant data.

Comparing data stored in the brain with the new precepted information, critically disguising inconsistent details.

A process for gathering data and distributing it to the different parts of the brain.

As a result of automation in cockpits...

communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members

it is easier for the captain to monitor the work of the first officer and vice versa

communication and coordination have clearly improved in man-man and man-machine relations

man-man communication has clearly improved.

Which of the following types of radiation can be blocked by a sheet of paper?

Gamma radiation

Beta radiation

X rays

Alpha radiation

According to the Threat and Error Management (TEM) model, what is the correct definition of "undesired aircraft state"?

It is an event or error that occurs beyond the influence of the flight crew, increases operational complexity and must be managed to maintain an acceptable margin of safety.

It is an undesired flight situation associated with a reduction in margins of safety.

Accidents that are the result of undesired actions or inactions by the flight crew.

Actions or inactions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations.

What does the Threat and Error Management (TEM) consist of?

Threats, Errors, and Undesired Aircraft States.

Errors, Incidents, and Accident Prevention.

Actions, Slips, and Violations.

Threats, Errors, and Pilot Responses.

An aircraft departs from a major airport. According to the pre-flight brief, the Commander flies the departure procedure and the Co-Pilot monitors speed, level, and communications. After departure, due to the distraction caused by ATC transmissions, the Co-Pilot retracts the flaps without noticing that the speed is below that required for flap retraction. While responding to the subsequent speed warning, the Commander allows the aircraft to climb above its cleared altitude. What are the error types illustrated in this scenario?

1, 2, 3, and 5.

2, 5, and 6.

3 and 4.

1, 4 and 5.

An aircraft is approaching over an upsloping terrain towards a flat runway. What illusion may this cause?

The pilot may think that he/she is too fast and decrease power.

The pilot may think that he/she is too high and therefore, he/she will increase the rate of descent, which will result in a shallow approach.

The pilot may think that he/she is too low and therefore, he/she will decrease the rate of descent, which will result in a steep approach.

The pilot may think that he/she is too slow and increase power.

In the event of a fire, which of the following aircraft component parts or liquids when burnt may give off toxic fumes? 1. Anti-icing fluids 2. Fire extinguishers made of steel 3. Furnishing and trimming materials 4. Hydraulic fluids

1, 2 and 3.

3 only.

1, 3 and 4.

3 and 4.

An aircraft operating with the FMS in the LNAV VNAV mode is operating in a busy terminal area at the end of a flight. Bad weather in the area has resulted in ATC requiring the flight crew to make several changes to the aircraft's flight path. In order to maintain the maximum awareness of their flight status, what is the best action for the pilots to take?

Re-programming of the FMS in the LNAV VNAV mode during periods of high workload can lead to errors and also cause a loss of situational awareness. Therefore, the pilots should downgrade to a lower, simpler level of automation such as ALT/HDG or even to manual flying.

The main risk is that the pilots become distracted while re-programming the FMS. To reduce this risk, the Pilot-in-Command should immediately request a short delay or a hold, in order to complete the entry of the new LNAV VNAV parameters, before continuing with the approach.

The FMS in LNAV VNAV mode is the primary, and most accurate, navigation system available to the pilots, and its use should be maintained. In order to minimise data entry errors, both pilots should check the entry of the new LNAV/VNAV parameters at the same time.

In order to mitigate against loss of situational awareness, and avoid the risk of errors while entering new data, the FMS should be switched off, and the pilots should respond to ATC instructions by flying the aircraft manually.

Galactic radiation is...

steady and reasonably predictable.

steady but unpredictable.

unsteady and reasonably predictable.

unsteady and unpredictable.

If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should...

scan the surroundings.

continue on instruments.

use your oxygen mask.

dim the cockpit lighting.

An aircraft is flying towards a reporting point when the pilot flying realizes that they are lost. What are the appropriate actions? 1. Try to look for visual landmarks and references that confirm the location you estimate you are 2. Inform the pilot monitoring / pilot not flying that you are lost 3. Review maps, navigation instruments, and aircraft settings 4. Ask ATC for assistance

2, 3, and 4.

1, 3, and 4.

1, 2, and 3.

1, 2, and 4.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the amount of recovery sleep required to repay an accumulated sleep debt? The amount of sleep required to make up a deficit...

is at least twice the number of hours of sleep missed.

is slightly greater than the number of hours of sleep missed.

is roughly half the number of hours of sleep missed.

equals the number of hours of sleep missed.

In which of the following conditions is performance of a task most likely to be low?

When the task is complex.

When the task is simple.

Immediately after waking up.

When the workload is moderate.

While an aircraft is cruising, a passenger informs the stewardess that he/she feels sick and has been scuba diving before the flight. What is the correct course of action by the pilot?

Seek for medical person on board.

Begin an emergency descent and seek medical attention for the passenger.

Descend to a lower level and wait for the symptoms to resolve.

Maintain current altitude and monitor the passenger's condition.

Breathing 100% oxygen at 40 000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at...

18 000 ft

10 000 ft

8000 ft

14 000 ft

The analysis of aviation accidents distinguishes between active and latent failures. Which of the following scenarios is an example of a latent failure?

The airline management decides to cut costs in all departments, including the flight training department, due to the global economic downturn.

The pilot correctly reads back the new altitude assignment during an enroute climb but proceeds to set it incorrectly in the autopilot's mode control panel.

After the leading aircraft slows down more than anticipated on final approach, the air traffic controller realizes too late that minimum separation was violated.

The aircraft technician fails to follow all the steps on the job card and forgets to reconnect the altimeter's static port during a routine maintenance check.

A passenger has an increased rate of breathing. This is because the carbon dioxide in his body has (1) _____ and this causes (2) _____ acidity.

(1) increased, (2) reduced

(1) reduced, (2) increased

(1) reduced, (2) reduced

(1) increased, (2) increased

Which statements can be characterised as examples of procedural errors according to TEM model?

1, 2, 3

3 only

1 and 2 only

1, 2, 3, 4

Accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of the following?

The retina.

The crystalline lens.

The cones.

The rods.

Which of the below statements about type 2 diabetes mellitus is correct?

Risk factors include low blood pressure, increasing age, obesity, a diet rich in simple carbohydrates, and a lack of physical exercise.

A pilot diagnosed with this type of diabetes must be considered unfit, for class 1 medical certification.

Controlling one’s diet and regular exercise are the most effective treatments, as the type of diabetes cannot be treated with insulin.

It is usually diagnosed in adulthood and can cause hypertension.

Which of the following statements is the definition of sensitivity in sensory perception?

The ability of our visual cortex to process sensory information.

The body’s adaptation to repeated exposure to a specific stimulus.

The ability of a system to detect a stimulus.

The perception of intensity is based on the frequency of sensory input.

A pilot is flying through bad weather and tries to remember the temperature below which he/she has to be aware of icing. This value has been told to him/her a week ago in his/her company’s winter operations course. What type(s) of memory were involved in the process of saving and recalling that information?

All memory types. The information is perceived while in the sensory memory, transferred to the short-term memory and evaluated, and then moved to the long-term memory to keep it.

The short-term memory. It is responsible for keeping information for a short period of time, in this case for one week.

The sensory memory and the long-term memory. The value is perceived and evaluated in the sensory memory during the training course, and then transferred directly into the long-term memory.

The long-term memory. All other types of memory last for only a few minutes.

Which of the following effects will likely occur first when drinking alcohol? The person will...

Be physically more active.

Speak faster and loudly.

Become more relaxed.

Obtain better visual acuity.

Among the physiological responses to stress are...

increased heart rate, apprehension and sweating.

anxiety, fatigue and fear.

sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties.

dry mouth, anxiety and sweating.

What is true about memory and pilot skill learning?

Flying skills are stored in the working memory.

Flying skills are stored in the episodic memory.

Cognitive, associative, and autonomous are all crucial learning phases for piloting skills.

Flying skills are stored in the long-term procedural memory.

Which of the following can be classified as a latent threat to flight crew?

An equipment design issue and improper certification standards.

Flying into a known, congested airport.

A threat that the pilot may or may not detect and fail to adress.

A predicted thunderstorm.

During flight, a terrain proximity caution sounds in the flight deck. The pilot misidentifies the problem, believing that the auditory alert is associated with a configuration warning; subsequently applying the wrong procedures. This error is associated with...

procedure-based behaviour.

skill-based behaviour.

knowledge-based behaviour.

rule-based behaviour.

A pilot usually conducts low level VFR flights over flat populated areas where a constant veil of haze is present. During a tourist VFR flight on a cold winter day with clear sky and good visibility, the passengers request the pilot to divert to capture photographs of the mountain on their left. What risk should the pilot remain cautious of?

The pilot should carefully assess the range, as he/she could underestimate the distance of the aircraft from the mountains due to the atmospheric perspective.

The mountains will appear closer due to the aerial perspective, and the pilot must pay attention to avoid inadvertently reducing airspeed as the aircraft approaches the sloping ground of the mountains.

Constant attention must be paid to the aircraft's height above the ground, as there is a risk of underestimating the height in good visibility conditions, possibly leading to hazardous low-level flight.

The aerial perspective makes the mountains seem smaller than they actually are, with the risk of NOT being able to reach a safe altitude to cross them.

The correct statement about different learning techniques is...

Repetition is required for learning by insight.

Classical conditioning requires reinforcement.

Operant conditioning requires reinforcement.

Operant conditioning does NOT require reinforcement.

What are the main types of physiological stressors?

1, 2, 3.

1, 4, 5.

1, 6, 7.

2, 3, 4.

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