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Which of the following statements is true about the layers of the Swiss Cheese model?

They represent safeguards designed to prevent accidents.

They represent errors in the system which can lead to an accident.

They represent active failures.

They represent latent conditions which can lead to an accident.

They represent safeguards designed to prevent accidents.

They represent errors in the system which can lead to an accident.

They represent active failures.

They represent latent conditions which can lead to an accident.

An aircraft is approaching over deep water to a runway which lies perpendicular to a rocky shoreline. The sky is blue and cloudless. What will be the pilot’s perception?

No impact on perception.

He/she feels like being too high, which may result in a short landing.

He/she may experience a black hole illusion, so he/she needs to rely on his/her instruments.

He/she feels like being too low, which may result in a long landing.

No impact on perception.

He/she feels like being too high, which may result in a short landing.

He/she may experience a black hole illusion, so he/she needs to rely on his/her instruments.

He/she feels like being too low, which may result in a long landing.

Which of the following may cause anemia?1. The main cause is iron deficiency2. Malaria3. Smoking4. The main cause is potassium deficiency

2, 3 and 4.

1, 2 and 3.

1 and 2.

3 and 4.

2, 3 and 4.

1, 2 and 3.

1 and 2.

3 and 4.

At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is approximately...

450 ml/min.

5 litres/min.

75 litres/min.

45 litres/min.

450 ml/min.

5 litres/min.

75 litres/min.

45 litres/min.

What would be the effect if, in a tight turn, one bends down to pick up a pencil?

Vertigo.

Barotrauma.

Coriolis illusion.

Inversion Illusion.

Vertigo.

Barotrauma.

Coriolis illusion.

Inversion Illusion.

During a normal pre-flight inspection, after climbing several times up and down the aircraft to perform all the required checks, the pilot notices an increase in his/her rate of breathing. This occurs because the brain detects (1) _____ concentration of (2) _____ in the blood, so it stimulates a change in the ventilation rate, to (3) _____ the acidity of the body.

(1) an increased; (2) carbon dioxide; (3) increase

(1) an increased; (2) carbon dioxide; (3) reduce

(1) an increased; (2) carbon monoxide; (3) increase

(1) a reduced; (2) carbon dioxide; (2) reduce

(1) an increased; (2) carbon dioxide; (3) increase

(1) an increased; (2) carbon dioxide; (3) reduce

(1) an increased; (2) carbon monoxide; (3) increase

(1) a reduced; (2) carbon dioxide; (2) reduce

During the final approach in a single-pilot aircraft, the pilot receives a wind shear warning in the cockpit. He/she decides, incorrectly, to continue the approach. The investigation of the incident concludes that the pilot was NOT aware of the procedure dictating a go-around. This human error can be attributed to the following pair of the SHELL mode:Liveware, representing the Commander and...

Environment representing the weather conditions.

Hardware representing the cockpit warning.

Error representing pilots lack of familiarity with the procedures.

Software representing the procedures.

Environment representing the weather conditions.

Hardware representing the cockpit warning.

Error representing pilots lack of familiarity with the procedures.

Software representing the procedures.

What are the effects of stress on individual performance?

It improves memory and enhances multitasking.

It reduces reliability due to impaired cognitive performance.

It decreases attention and increases motivation.

It causes physical fatigue without affecting mental performance.

It improves memory and enhances multitasking.

It reduces reliability due to impaired cognitive performance.

It decreases attention and increases motivation.

It causes physical fatigue without affecting mental performance.

What is the factor that can negatively influence decision-making?

Sufficient time.

Biases and group effects.

Clear communication.

Initial plan continuation and incorrect mental picture.

Sufficient time.

Biases and group effects.

Clear communication.

Initial plan continuation and incorrect mental picture.

Flying a daytime visual approach with reduced visibility due to fog, rain or haze can give the illusion that the aircraft is...

faster than it actually is on the approach, and the pilot risks reducing power too early and landing short of the runway.

closer to the runway than it actually is, and the pilot has a tendency to fly a much steeper approach.

at a greater distance from the runway than it actually is, and the pilot tends to fly a shallow glide path and land long.

lower than it actually is on the approach, and the pilot risks landing long and overshooting the runway by staying higher.

faster than it actually is on the approach, and the pilot risks reducing power too early and landing short of the runway.

closer to the runway than it actually is, and the pilot has a tendency to fly a much steeper approach.

at a greater distance from the runway than it actually is, and the pilot tends to fly a shallow glide path and land long.

lower than it actually is on the approach, and the pilot risks landing long and overshooting the runway by staying higher.

The memory type that stores our skills is...

episodic, semantic and procedural.

working memory.

long term memory.

semantic memory.

episodic, semantic and procedural.

working memory.

long term memory.

semantic memory.

A student pilot is seated in a rotating chamber without any outside visual reference. He/she is told to move his/her head up and down slowly. Soon he/she starts to feel dizzy and nausea sets in. What is the reason for this?

Black hole effect

Coriolis effect

Spatial disorientation

Flicker vertigo

Black hole effect

Coriolis effect

Spatial disorientation

Flicker vertigo

The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of about...

1 day for 50% of jetlag, thereafter 2 – 2.5 hours a day.

2 – 2.5 hours a day.

2 days for 50% of jetlag, thereafter 1 – 1.5 hours a day.

4 – 4.5 hours a day.

1 day for 50% of jetlag, thereafter 2 – 2.5 hours a day.

2 – 2.5 hours a day.

2 days for 50% of jetlag, thereafter 1 – 1.5 hours a day.

4 – 4.5 hours a day.

Which one of the following is a requirement for checklists?

All the letters should be upper case so that words can be read faster.

They must contain good cross-referencing and one colour should be used for consistency.

Pages of paper checklists should be divided by protruding thumb-locators.

They must be responded to automatically in order to show skill and familiarity.

All the letters should be upper case so that words can be read faster.

They must contain good cross-referencing and one colour should be used for consistency.

Pages of paper checklists should be divided by protruding thumb-locators.

They must be responded to automatically in order to show skill and familiarity.

Consider emergency situations such as engine failure in a helicopter or an impending stall in an aeroplane. Audio and visual warnings and the aircraft's attitude are stimuli to which the pilot must very quickly react by carrying out the correct recovery manoeuvre (autorotation or upset prevention).What is the most effective form of learning to allow the pilot to react quickly to the stimuli and carry out the correct manoeuvre?

Cognitive learning.

Experience.

Operant conditioning.

Insight.

Cognitive learning.

Experience.

Operant conditioning.

Insight.

On 8th July 2010, the crew of a Boeing 737 from Nice to Frankfurt was cleared by the controller of Sector L14 to continue its climb to FL320. In an adjacent sector, the crew of an Airbus 319 from London to Milan were cleared to leave FL390 and to descend to FL330. The instruction was read back correctly, but the pilots incorrectly entered FL320 into the FMS. Upon being handed off to sector L14, the Airbus called the controller:"Easy 529 Yankee, descending FL320 on radar heading 150"The controller identified the traffic, however he/she did not realise the incorrect flight level reported by the Airbus. Shortly after, the two aircraft were converging on FL320 and triggered potential conflict alerts on both the controller's system and the on-board TCAS of each aircraft. Corrective action had to be taken by each aircraft to re-establish separation.Select the option which correctly states the type of communication and associated disadvantage which are illustrated by this serious incident of a "level bust" with resulting loss of separation.

Implicit communication, which is open to interpretation due to receiving erroneous or inconsistent pieces of information.

Explicit communication, which is prone to confirmation bias, that is, we hear what we expect to hear and NOT what is being said.

Implicit communication, which is prone to being biased towards hearing a message in accordance with one's mental picture of a situation.

Explicit communication, which means that the message is difficult to identify and is open to multiple interpretations.

Implicit communication, which is open to interpretation due to receiving erroneous or inconsistent pieces of information.

Explicit communication, which is prone to confirmation bias, that is, we hear what we expect to hear and NOT what is being said.

Implicit communication, which is prone to being biased towards hearing a message in accordance with one's mental picture of a situation.

Explicit communication, which means that the message is difficult to identify and is open to multiple interpretations.

The Cocktail Party Effect is associated with...

cohesion.

attention mechanisms.

adaptation.

communications.

cohesion.

attention mechanisms.

adaptation.

communications.

Compared with day operations, what differences should a pilot adopt when seeking to identify a possible collision threat at night?

Move the eyes in small arcs to induce a moving image on the retina for the rods to identify.

Focus on the instrument panel to allow the rods to identify objects outside.

Spend twice as much time with the eyes remaining still during each saccade of the lookout scan.

Cover one eye to avoid being affected by the “blind spot”.

Move the eyes in small arcs to induce a moving image on the retina for the rods to identify.

Focus on the instrument panel to allow the rods to identify objects outside.

Spend twice as much time with the eyes remaining still during each saccade of the lookout scan.

Cover one eye to avoid being affected by the “blind spot”.

The following is an example for error generation in the cockpit caused by economics...

A company culture that calls for maximisation of payload by generally abandoning the carriage of extra fuel.

Night curfew on the home base which requires short turn-arounds to be made to complete the planned flights.

A company within which the highest value is placed with passenger comfort, even at the expense of flight safety.

An airline within which most employees come from closed-culture countries.

A company culture that calls for maximisation of payload by generally abandoning the carriage of extra fuel.

Night curfew on the home base which requires short turn-arounds to be made to complete the planned flights.

A company within which the highest value is placed with passenger comfort, even at the expense of flight safety.

An airline within which most employees come from closed-culture countries.

A passenger is experiencing chest pain, dizziness and pain in the left arm. What is the cause of these symptoms?

Angina, as the coronary arteries are completely blocked.

Angina, as the coronary arteries are NOT completely blocked.

Heart attack, as one of the coronary arteries is blocked but the heart is NOT totally damaged.

Heart attack also known as angina.

Angina, as the coronary arteries are completely blocked.

Angina, as the coronary arteries are NOT completely blocked.

Heart attack, as one of the coronary arteries is blocked but the heart is NOT totally damaged.

Heart attack also known as angina.

Retrograde amnesia causes loss of memory of events and...

working memory.

semantic memory.

short term memory.

episodic memory.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

working memory.

semantic memory.

short term memory.

episodic memory.

Cosmic radiation...

is at its strongest at very high latitudes.

originates mainly from the sun.

consists mainly of alpha-radiation.

decreases when altitude increases.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

is at its strongest at very high latitudes.

originates mainly from the sun.

consists mainly of alpha-radiation.

decreases when altitude increases.

Which of the following may be considered as an effect of stress on human behaviour?

Unreliability

Headaches

Fast breathing

Hormonal disorder

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Unreliability

Headaches

Fast breathing

Hormonal disorder

One illusion that pilots experience in conditions of fog or mist are that objects appear to be...

further away than they really are and this can lead to shallow approaches.

closer than they really are and this can lead to steep approaches.

closer than they really are and this can lead to shallow approaches.

further away than they really are and this can lead to steep approaches.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

further away than they really are and this can lead to shallow approaches.

closer than they really are and this can lead to steep approaches.

closer than they really are and this can lead to shallow approaches.

further away than they really are and this can lead to steep approaches.

What is the SMS component that deals with safety education and communication?

Safety risk management.

Safety promotion.

Safety assurance.

Safety policy.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Safety risk management.

Safety promotion.

Safety assurance.

Safety policy.

Influencing the level of radiation, in order of their relative importance, are...

altitude, latitude, solar activity (e.g. solar flares), and height of the ionosphere.

altitude, airspeed, the Earth's magnetic field, and solar activity (e.g. solar flares).

altitude, latitude, normal solar activity, and random solar activity (e.g. solar flares).

latitude, altitude, space weather (e.g. solar storms), and the Earth's magnetic field.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

altitude, latitude, solar activity (e.g. solar flares), and height of the ionosphere.

altitude, airspeed, the Earth's magnetic field, and solar activity (e.g. solar flares).

altitude, latitude, normal solar activity, and random solar activity (e.g. solar flares).

latitude, altitude, space weather (e.g. solar storms), and the Earth's magnetic field.

Risk management is more effective with what component of a safety culture?

Reactive culture

Justification culture

No blame culture

Informed culture

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Reactive culture

Justification culture

No blame culture

Informed culture

Pilots need to keep hydrated. Water helps the body to...

retain its waste materials for long periods during flight.

regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.

absorb nutrients.

reduce the risk of hypothermia.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

retain its waste materials for long periods during flight.

regulate the amount of sugar in the blood.

absorb nutrients.

reduce the risk of hypothermia.

The following is an example of a "hard" systematic-based countermeasure that flight crew use to manage threats, error, and undesired aircraft states...

The internal safety reporting scheme that is part of the Operator's Management System.

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS).

Definition and communication of roles and responsibilities for normal and non-normal situations.

The read-back of ATC clearances.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

The internal safety reporting scheme that is part of the Operator's Management System.

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS).

Definition and communication of roles and responsibilities for normal and non-normal situations.

The read-back of ATC clearances.

How can you describe the top down process?

Comparing data stored in the brain with the new precepted information, possibly adding missing data.

A data controlling process for protecting the brain from adding and saving irrelevant data.

Comparing data stored in the brain with the new precepted information, critically disguising inconsistent details.

A process for gathering data and distributing it to the different parts of the brain.

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Comparing data stored in the brain with the new precepted information, possibly adding missing data.

A data controlling process for protecting the brain from adding and saving irrelevant data.

Comparing data stored in the brain with the new precepted information, critically disguising inconsistent details.

A process for gathering data and distributing it to the different parts of the brain.

As a result of automation in cockpits...

communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members

it is easier for the captain to monitor the work of the first officer and vice versa

communication and coordination have clearly improved in man-man and man-machine relations

man-man communication has clearly improved.

communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members

it is easier for the captain to monitor the work of the first officer and vice versa

communication and coordination have clearly improved in man-man and man-machine relations

man-man communication has clearly improved.

Which of the following types of radiation can be blocked by a sheet of paper?

Gamma radiation

Beta radiation

X rays

Alpha radiation

Gamma radiation

Beta radiation

X rays

Alpha radiation

According to the Threat and Error Management (TEM) model, what is the correct definition of "undesired aircraft state"?

It is an event or error that occurs beyond the influence of the flight crew, increases operational complexity and must be managed to maintain an acceptable margin of safety.

It is an undesired flight situation associated with a reduction in margins of safety.

Accidents that are the result of undesired actions or inactions by the flight crew.

Actions or inactions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations.

It is an event or error that occurs beyond the influence of the flight crew, increases operational complexity and must be managed to maintain an acceptable margin of safety.

It is an undesired flight situation associated with a reduction in margins of safety.

Accidents that are the result of undesired actions or inactions by the flight crew.

Actions or inactions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from organisational or flight crew intentions or expectations.

What does the Threat and Error Management (TEM) consist of?

Threats, Errors, and Undesired Aircraft States.

Errors, Incidents, and Accident Prevention.

Actions, Slips, and Violations.

Threats, Errors, and Pilot Responses.

Threats, Errors, and Undesired Aircraft States.

Errors, Incidents, and Accident Prevention.

Actions, Slips, and Violations.

Threats, Errors, and Pilot Responses.

An aircraft departs from a major airport. According to the pre-flight brief, the Commander flies the departure procedure and the Co-Pilot monitors speed, level, and communications. After departure, due to the distraction caused by ATC transmissions, the Co-Pilot retracts the flaps without noticing that the speed is below that required for flap retraction. While responding to the subsequent speed warning, the Commander allows the aircraft to climb above its cleared altitude. What are the error types illustrated in this scenario?

1, 2, 3, and 5.

2, 5, and 6.

3 and 4.

1, 4 and 5.

1, 2, 3, and 5.

2, 5, and 6.

3 and 4.

1, 4 and 5.

An aircraft is approaching over an upsloping terrain towards a flat runway. What illusion may this cause?

The pilot may think that he/she is too fast and decrease power.

The pilot may think that he/she is too high and therefore, he/she will increase the rate of descent, which will result in a shallow approach.

The pilot may think that he/she is too low and therefore, he/she will decrease the rate of descent, which will result in a steep approach.

The pilot may think that he/she is too slow and increase power.

The pilot may think that he/she is too fast and decrease power.

The pilot may think that he/she is too high and therefore, he/she will increase the rate of descent, which will result in a shallow approach.

The pilot may think that he/she is too low and therefore, he/she will decrease the rate of descent, which will result in a steep approach.

The pilot may think that he/she is too slow and increase power.

In the event of a fire, which of the following aircraft component parts or liquids when burnt may give off toxic fumes? 1. Anti-icing fluids 2. Fire extinguishers made of steel 3. Furnishing and trimming materials 4. Hydraulic fluids

1, 2 and 3.

3 only.

1, 3 and 4.

3 and 4.

1, 2 and 3.

3 only.

1, 3 and 4.

3 and 4.

An aircraft operating with the FMS in the LNAV VNAV mode is operating in a busy terminal area at the end of a flight. Bad weather in the area has resulted in ATC requiring the flight crew to make several changes to the aircraft's flight path. In order to maintain the maximum awareness of their flight status, what is the best action for the pilots to take?

Re-programming of the FMS in the LNAV VNAV mode during periods of high workload can lead to errors and also cause a loss of situational awareness. Therefore, the pilots should downgrade to a lower, simpler level of automation such as ALT/HDG or even to manual flying.

The main risk is that the pilots become distracted while re-programming the FMS. To reduce this risk, the Pilot-in-Command should immediately request a short delay or a hold, in order to complete the entry of the new LNAV VNAV parameters, before continuing with the approach.

The FMS in LNAV VNAV mode is the primary, and most accurate, navigation system available to the pilots, and its use should be maintained. In order to minimise data entry errors, both pilots should check the entry of the new LNAV/VNAV parameters at the same time.

In order to mitigate against loss of situational awareness, and avoid the risk of errors while entering new data, the FMS should be switched off, and the pilots should respond to ATC instructions by flying the aircraft manually.

Re-programming of the FMS in the LNAV VNAV mode during periods of high workload can lead to errors and also cause a loss of situational awareness. Therefore, the pilots should downgrade to a lower, simpler level of automation such as ALT/HDG or even to manual flying.

The main risk is that the pilots become distracted while re-programming the FMS. To reduce this risk, the Pilot-in-Command should immediately request a short delay or a hold, in order to complete the entry of the new LNAV VNAV parameters, before continuing with the approach.

The FMS in LNAV VNAV mode is the primary, and most accurate, navigation system available to the pilots, and its use should be maintained. In order to minimise data entry errors, both pilots should check the entry of the new LNAV/VNAV parameters at the same time.

In order to mitigate against loss of situational awareness, and avoid the risk of errors while entering new data, the FMS should be switched off, and the pilots should respond to ATC instructions by flying the aircraft manually.

Galactic radiation is...

steady and reasonably predictable.

steady but unpredictable.

unsteady and reasonably predictable.

unsteady and unpredictable.

steady and reasonably predictable.

steady but unpredictable.

unsteady and reasonably predictable.

unsteady and unpredictable.

If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should...

scan the surroundings.

continue on instruments.

use your oxygen mask.

dim the cockpit lighting.

scan the surroundings.

continue on instruments.

use your oxygen mask.

dim the cockpit lighting.

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