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Pulse length is expressed as...

An amplitude.

Time.

Angle.

A frequency.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the 'Night Effect'?

At night the ionosphere’s F-layer is insignificant and Very Low Frequency (VLF) / Very High Frequency (VHF) signals are returned by the D (and E) layers.

At night the ionosphere’s D-layer is insignificant and Low Frequency (LF) / Medium Frequency (MF) signals are returned by the E (and F) layers.

At night the ionosphere’s E (and F) layers are insignificant and Very Low Frequency (VLF) / Very High Frequency (VHF) signals are returned by the D-layer.

At night the ionosphere’s E-layer is insignificant and Low Frequency (LF) / Medium Frequency (MF) signals are returned by the D (and F) layers.

Which statement is correct regarding the airborne weather radar and it autotilt function...

It adjusts its tilt according to the bank angle.

It adjusts its tilt according to the altitude.

It adjusts its tilt on the ground to avoid harming ground personnel.

It adjusts its tilt according to the attitude.

How many satellites are required for GBAS to function correctly?

4 satellites are required for GBAS operations.

GBAS uses the exact same satellites as the receiver in the aircraft.

GBAS requires at least 5 satellites to detect and exclude the possible faulty satellite.

GBAS uses the signals from at least 3 geostationary satellites.

The shoreline/coastal effect is caused by refraction of the radio waves. What is one factor influencing the error of the bearing?

flight altitude

groundspeed

conditions over the sea

weather conditions

Which of the following statements correctly describe the clock system in the Galileo Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)? 1. There are two independent, identical atomic clocks on each satellite. 2. There are two independent, non-identical atomic clocks on each satellite. 3. There is one master atomic clock and one reference clock on each satellite. 4. The satellite clocks are synchronised with each other.

2 and 4.

1 only.

2 only.

1 and 3.

For a satellite to be visible to a GPS receiver:

It needs a higher elevation than 5° above the horizon.

It needs a higher elevation than 55° above the horizon.

It needs a higher elevation than 15° above the horizon.

It needs a higher elevation than 5° below the horizon.

What is true regarding ILS signal monitoring? 1. The ILS signal is monitored by the ground station. 2. The ILS signal is monitored by onboard ILS receiver

Both are correct.

1 is correct, 2 is incorrect.

1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.

Both are incorrect.

In relation to PBN operational approvals in accordance with the European Regulations on Air Operations, which of the following statements is correct?

The PBN specifications that require operational approval are MCTOM (Maximum Certified Take-Off Mass)-dependent.

All PBN specifications require an operational approval.

Only certain PBN specifications require an operational approval.

The PBN specifications that require operational approval are operator-dependent.

Navigating to an NDB at dusk, you notice the ADF needle swinging erratically. What could be the reason?

Sky waves are amplified by the ionosphere, which causes the ADF needle to alternate between the sky wave and the ground wave.

Interference between the ground wave and sky wave, which causes fading when the signals arrive at the receiver in phase.

The ionospheric reflections travel shorter distances than the ground signal, which causes fading of the signal when they interfere.

Interference occurs between the ground wave and sky wave causing the signal to fade when the two waves are out of phases.

On a back beam ILS approach with the inbound course from the chart set on the HSI, what does a pilot need to keep in mind?

The CDI will be reverse sensing with NO glide path information.

The CDI will be reverse sensing with limited glide path information.

They will receive limited glide path information but correct azimuth indications on the CDI.

They will receive NO glide path information but correct azimuth indications on the CDI.

Which of the following correctly lists the possible inputs to a RAIM system?

Signals from GNSS and DME

Signals from GNSS and barometric input

Signals from GNSS and IRS

Signals from GNSS and onboard sensors such as the inertial reference system

A flight is planned to Longyear Airport in Svalbard (lat. 78°15'N), Due to the high latitude the aircraft GPS will NOT be able to achieve RAIM during the arrival phase of flight, as not enough satellites will be in view. If the aircraft is suitably equipped, which of the following systems could be used for integrity monitoring?

AAIM using the VOR and DME.

GBAS using the INS and barometric altimeter.

AAIM using the IRS and barometric altimeter.

GBAS using the DME only.

A pilot departs an aerodrome on the West coast of Spain at dawn for a flight to New York. Half an hour after departure, the VHF station for communication can no longer be received. What are two of the main reasons that VHF radio range is limited to line of sight?

Fading by reflected signals, and limited transmission power.

No reflection and no surface waves.

Absorption by the ionosphere, and no direct waves.

Inversion of polarisation by the ionosphere, and attenuation.

The Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) system used by aircraft transponders is based on the transmission of (1) _____ from the ATC secondary radar and (2) _____ from the airborne transponder.

(1) transmission of pulse pairs; (2) coded pulses

(1) replies; (2) interrogations

(1) interrogations; (2) pulse pairs

(1) interrogations; (2) replies

A category II precision approach (CAT II) has:

a decision height not lower than 60 m.

a decision height not lower than 15 m.

no decision height.

a decision height not lower than 30 m.

NAVSTAR-GPS and GLONASS are interoperable. What does this mean about the two systems?

Both can be used simultaneously to give more accurate location.

They allow the usage of each other's satellites.

GPS NAVSTAR and GLONASS are complimentary. One covers North America and the other covers Europe.

When combined, they can provide a 3 dimensional position, which is otherwise only 2 dimensional.

How is the GPS receiver able to calculate aircraft's ground speed?

Using the space vehicle (SV) Doppler frequency shift.

Using aircraft position and known reference points on the ground.

Using the pseudo-range measurements.

Using the time measured from the signal leaving the satellite to the receiver.

Which of the following options correctly lists the components of PBN?

1, 2, 3 and 4

1, 3 and 4

1 and 4

2, 3 and 4

Select from the following options the measures that the flight crew should take to ensure ANP or EPE is less than RNP.

The autopilot or pilots should use on-board navigation systems or follow a specific procedure to ensure that ANP/EPE remains within acceptable limits.

The pilots must manually calculate and monitor ANP/EPE to ensure it stays less than RNP.

ANP/EPE is automatically kept within limits by the aircraft’s navigation system, and pilots are not involved in the process.

No specific action is required as long as the navigation system is functioning normally.

A crew is flying an RNP approach using GNSS, and the navigation display shows a value called the Estimated Position Error (EPE). What is the EPE?

The distance between the GNSS position and calculated actual position.

An error calculated in the control segment and broadcast on the navigation message.

A value calculated by using a statistical model of position error probabilities.

The correction applied to position when using an augmentation system.

On final on ILS approach, at 0,6 NM from the threshold, which marker are you likely to hear?

The outer marker.

The middle marker.

The inner marker (if available).

No markers can be located at this distance.

Which one of the following is an advantage of a secondary radar system when compared to a primary radar system?

Is not limited to line of sight.

The relatively small ground antenna transmits no side lobes, thus eliminating the danger of false replies from the airborne transponder.

Possibility of obtaining speed information for aircraft within range.

The required power of transmission from the ground equipment is reduced.

A warning flag appears on the LOC of the ILS, when might this flag go away?

1 only.

1 and 4.

2, 3 and 4.

1, 2 and 3.

An aircraft is being vectored for a GLS approach. ATC has given a final heading in order for the aircraft to intercept the final approach course at 25 NM from the landing runway threshold. What should the pilot do?

Accept the vector because it is within the minimum software-designed coverage area for this type of approach.

They should NOT accept the vector because the minimum software-designed coverage area for this approach is 12 NM from the landing runway threshold.

They may accept this vector because satellite-based approaches have NO minimum software-designed coverage area limitations.

They should NOT accept the vector because it is outside the minimum software-designed coverage area for this approach.

A DME ground station can generally respond to a maximum of 100 aircraft at once. What is the reason for this limitation?

The difference in strengths of the received signals CANNOT be differentiated by the DME ground station, and consequently the weakest signals fall off.

Saturation of the DME ground station working on only one receive frequency and one transmit frequency.

Limitation of transmission by the echo protection circuit, which avoids replies being reflected and coming back into the DME ground station.

Saturation of the DME receivers in the aircraft, receiving all interrogations of other aircraft in the vicinity that are on the same frequency.

What are the methods of sending messages via SATCOM?

CPDLC via ACARS.

VHF and HF.

HF only.

VHF only.

The sky wave is an electromagnetic wave which travels:

By line of sight between transmitter and receiver.

Across the earth's surface.

Into space to be refracted in the ionosphere.

Inside the ionosphere along the boundary layer.

What is the function of the DME Echo Protection Circuit (EPC)?

To detect if unwanted squitter pulses are interfering with the well-functioning of the interrogator receiver.

To protect the transponder receiver from interrogating pulse pairs from other aircraft.

To protect the interrogator receiver from tracking reflected pulse pairs.

To detect if pulse pairs reflected by the ionosphere are interfering with directly received pulse pairs.

In comparison to ILS, MLS offers...

Smaller range in distance and larger range in width.

Smaller range and smaller width.

Longer range and longer width.

Longer range in distance and smaller range in width.

In the context of PBN operations, what is "Navigation System Error (NSE)"?

NSE occurs when the path defined in the RNAV system does NOT correspond to the desired path, that is, the path expected to be flown over the ground.

It is a system error that relates specifically to longitudinal accuracy.

It refers to the difference between the aircraft’s estimated position and its actual position.

NSE is part of the total system error, which relates to the air crew or autopilot’s ability to follow the defined path or track, including any display error.

An aircraft is being flown under the specifications of RNP, using a suitable area navigation system. At the start of the approach phase of the flight, the RNP specifications might change from...

RNAV 10 to RNP 1.

RNAV 5 to RNAV 1.

RNP AR to RNP APCH.

RNP 1 to RNP APCH.

Which statement about ADFs is correct?

ADFs cannot receive broadcasting stations transmitting within the frequency band 190 – 1750 kHz because NDBs are amplitude modulated and not frequency modulated like broadcasting stations.

ADFs cannot receive broadcasting stations transmitting within the frequency band 190 – 1750 kHz because NDBs are either N0N/A1A or A2A modulated and not A3E modulated like broadcasting stations.

ADFs can receive any broadcasting station transmitting within the frequency band 190 – 1750 kHz but cannot take bearings on them.

ADFs can receive and take bearings on any broadcasting station transmitting within the frequency band 190 – 1750 kHz.

What is the function of pulse P2 in mode A/C interrogation?

To avoid “fruiting” if an aircraft is interrogated by more than one SSR interrogator at the same time.

To determine the interrogation mode.

To avoid responses from aircraft that are located in the direction of the side lobes of the interrogator antenna.

To avoid code garbling if two aircraft are located in the same direction (as seen from the interrogator) and at a distance of less than approximately 1.7 NM apart.

During PBN operations, the RNP for a procedure is 0.3 NM, and the ANP is 0.02 NM. Which of the statements are correct/incorrect?1. The ANP must be 0.32 or less to be within the required limitations2. The flight technical error (FTE) must be 0.28 NM or less to be within the required navigation performance

Only statement 1 is correct.

Both statements are incorrect.

Both statements are correct.

Only statement 2 is correct.

You are established on a 10 NM parallel track to your airway. What will happen if your aircraft now turns by more than 90 degrees?

The RNAV system will discontinue the offset.

The RNAV system will command a holding.

LNAV will disengage and control wheel steering mode will engage.

The aircraft will return to the defined route.

An aircraft is on final approach for a CAT II ILS. As the aircraft starts down the glide path, the driver of a ground vehicle passes a hold marker without clearance and enters the ILS sensitive area. The ILS monitoring system shuts down the ILS signal and the crew execute a missed approach. This would happen if the monitoring system detects too much of which of the following options?

A change in the magnetic variation in the ILS sensitive area.

An increase in signal strength.

A change in signal polarisation.

A shift in the LOC or GP course.

Quadrantal errors associated with aircraft Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) equipment are caused by...

misalignment of the loop aerial.

skywave/groundwave contamination.

signal bending caused by electrical interference from aircraft wiring.

signal bending by the aircraft metallic surfaces.

Why is it necessary for both pilots and air traffic controllers to be aware of the capabilities and performance of RNAV and RNP systems when entering and operating in a particular airspace?

It ensures that both pilots and air traffic controllers are confident that the aircraft will follow published tracks also in the event of systems downgrade.

To be confident that the aircraft is capable of navigating with the appropriate accuracy to ensure adherence to procedures and separation.

To be confident that all aircraft follow the same path and follow the same turn radius, giving the same predictable track-keeping performance.

It ensures that all aircraft entering are capable of following the procedures and therefore reduces workload by eliminating the need for monitoring.

You are established on a 10 NM parallel track to your airway. What will happen if your aircraft now turns by more than 90 degrees?

The RNAV system will discontinue the offset.

The RNAV system will command a holding.

LNAV will disengage and control wheel steering mode will engage.

The aircraft will return to the defined route.

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