Wissensmedien
Vorlesung Wissensmedien Jürgen Buder
Vorlesung Wissensmedien Jürgen Buder
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Lernkarten
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Which leisure activity occupied most time of people aged 15 and over? How long?
Watching TV (2.8h)
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Name two famous and influencing theories about film research
- Cognitive Film theory (Borwell)
Attentional Theory of cinematic continuity (Smith)
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Explain what editing in the context of films is.
The coordination of shots with each other and the influence they have on the viewers reaction
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is a “shot”. How many of them are there in a regular Hollywood film?
- Continous run of camera
1000 – 2000 shots
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Name two kinds of cuts.
- Basic cut
Gradual change (Wipe/Dissolve)
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Name four kinds of shots.
- Close-Up
- Medium Shot
- Long shot
Extreme Long shot
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
How does shot length correspond to shot distance?
The closer the shot, the shorter is its duration
How does the clutter in the background interact with that?
- The more clutter the longer the shot
General direction stays the same
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is attentional synchrony describing?
People have the same coordination of eye movement patterns to the same stimuli
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What does accord to those patterns?
Top down-effects:
- The narrative of the film / memories
Bottom-Up-Effects:
- Color
- Movement
- Motion contrast
- Sudden appearances
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is change blindness?
Changes between shots are not recognized by the viewer (e.g. continuity errors)
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Why is that happening?
- The attention is on something else
Mostly narrative
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
How many people notice those changes in the example study?
1:10
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is edit blindness?
- The not noticing of cuts
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
If compared in which movie type edit blindness is more pronounced? 2D or 3D? Why?
- 3D
More information divides attention more
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
If one cut of the process of an action is left out, on which point does people notice most?
- The post-cut motion condition
You begin an action but don’t finish it visually.
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is a Naïve viewer?
People who have close to no previous experience with TV/films
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Which types of film narrative felt most alien to them/ is not understood?
Point of view shots
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Which felt most natural to them?
- Skipping of a time segment (ellipsis)
Crosscutting (switching between simultaneous scenes)
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
There are “maps” of movie shot lengths. What interesting detail comes to mind when looking at them?
It resembles the human attention pattern found in memory experiments
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Is this true for all movies?
No, but there is a trend that from the 1940s more and more film follow that pattern
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is the mathematical name for that pattern?
- 1/f Pattern or fractal pattern
Pink noise
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
In general, how do long and short shots distribute over the course of movies?
- Beginning: Longer
- Mid: shorter
End: Longer
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is the VAI?
- Measures the white parts on the screen
The more white the higher the value
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
If compared, which stimuli are better remembered? The darker or the lighter ones?
Darker stimuli
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
How is the correlation of shot length with the VAI?
The shorter the shot the more visual activity
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Do movies get darker or lighter overall?
- Darker
More contrast (better attention)
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Do shots get shorter or longer overall?
Shorter
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Does the VAI get higher or lower overall?
Higher
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Which types of shots get shorter?
- All
Tested:
- Shot-reverse shot
- Over the shoulder shot
- Reaction shots
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Which shot types become more prominent?
- Reaction and over the shoulder
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What is the 180-Degree-System?
- Scene construction guideline
- Axis (180 degrees) is not allowed to be crossed by cameras
Ensures continuity in space of objects in the frame, eyelines and screen direction
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What does this achieve?
The viewer can recognize characters by their screen position
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
If presented with correct and flipped shot versions what happens?
- People are “disoriented”
They choose the mirrored version even more often if background is loaded
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
If compared what is better recognized colored objects or black?
Coloured
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
Biological or non-biological motion?
Biological
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
The longer the presentation the better…
Was the memory of the participants for the seen objects
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
If compared what is better recognized? Still or dynamic biological depicting clips?
Biological – dynamic
Evolution of visual media: Perception of Hollywood movies
What did biological motion induce in terms of reaction times?
Lower reaction times for recognition and identification
Around how many leading scientists see climate change as a real threat?
91 – 100% of scientists
