Wissensmedien
Vorlesung Wissensmedien Jürgen Buder
Vorlesung Wissensmedien Jürgen Buder
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To what types of behaviour does selective exposure lead?
- Citizens read, like, and share mostly congenial content
- Citizens avoid dissent
- Citizens no longer talk with dissenting outgroup members
This will lead to division on issues (issue-based polarization) and intergroup liking (affective polarization)
What is the supposed cure for that?
- The contact hypothesis
Intergroup contact will reduce prejudice (Allport)
What are the Allport conditions for the contact hypothesis (4)?
- Institutional oversight
- Equal status among members
- Shared goals for the competing groups
Requirement for collaboration
What has been found in terms of evidence on those conditions?
- Intergroup contact reduces prejudice reliably
Conditions are not necessary, but nice to have
What is the beginning hypothesis of Buder in 2014? (Forums and comment sections)
People are more likely to reply to comments the more they disagree
What has been found in the initial study?
- Larger conflict leads to more likely replies
The reply is antagonistic to the original comment
What is the uncongenial bias?
People tend to expose themselves to uncongenial information
What did they find in Study 2?
- Congeniality bias for “would you like to read more of that comment?”
Uncongeniality bias for “how much would you like to answer to that comment?”
What kinds of biases were found for Congeniality and Uncongeniality in terms of comment quality?
- High-quality comments --> congeniality
Low-quality comments --> uncongeniality
What is the idea of the spiral of silence?
If people think that they are in a minority they will not speak up anymore
How does the “climate” (being in majority minority) moderate the uncongeniality bias?
- Uncongeniality bias in balanced climate
- Increased uncongeniality bias in friendly climate
- Eliminated uncongeniality bias in oppositional climate
Attitude polarization is greater in friendly climate
What does higher emotional reactivity lead to?
Increases selective response
What do receptiveness to opposing opinion, extraversion and agreeableness lead to?
Decrease selective response
How was the Spiegel study conducted?
- Forum as participant
Upvote/downvote margin was used to determine congeniality of comments
The uncongeniality bias in that study means?
If the forum disagrees with a comment, the forum is more likely to reply
What were the results for upvote - comment influence?
- Disliked comments yielded more replies (by about 1000%)
- A single downvote yields ten times more replies than a single upvote)
What is the result for antagonism (also Spiegel study)
- Disliked comments yield many liked replies
Liked comments yield many disliked replies
In terms of extremity, what is more extreme the original comment or the answer?
The answer has a higher absolute value of valence
What does the exploitation vs. exploration approach mean?
- Exploitation: Staying close to known resources
Exploration: searching for new resources
What are congeniality and uncongeniality in terms of the exploitation vs. exploration approach?
- Congeniality = Exploitation
Uncongeniality = Exploration
What kind of experiences do children in novel environments expect?
Good ones, bad ones are more diagnostic though and weighted accordingly
What is collective action?
Concerted action to achieve a shared, collective goal often associated with a social movement
Which three characteristics does collective action combine?
- Goal driven
- Can be normative and nonnormative
Status improvement for individual and group
Which three explanation approaches are there for collective action?
- Identity-based
- Deprivation-based
Expectancy-based
Explain the identity-based approach
- Cause is group identification
- Social self more relevant than individual self
- Position of a group is determined through intergroup comparison
Collective action happens when own group is disadvantaged
What are in that context characteristics of group-boundaries?
- Permeability (how easy is group access)
- Legitimacy (do boundaries make sense)
Stability (How likely are they to change)
How do the group-boundaries have to be to foster collective action?
- Impermeable
- Illegitimate
Unstable
How big is the effect of identification on collective actions?
r = 0.4
What is a good indicator of collective action in the deprivation-based paradigm?
Subjective deprivation
What is the idea of that paradigm?
How people react to their objective circumstances depends on subjective comparisons
What is needed to feel depraved of something?
- Wanting smth
Feeling like you deserve it
Which differentiation can be made in terms of deprivation?
Egoistic/personal vs. fraternal/group
What is an important component that accompanies deprivation?
Emotions (e.g. “angry resentment”)
What does the intergroup emotions theory postulate?
- Events can be perceived from group perspective (our team won)
Lead to similar action tendencies as individual emotions
What characterizes situations that evoke anger?
- Negative
- Unfair
Caused by someone else
How big is the effect of anger on collective action intentions?
r = .37
When does collective action happen following the deprivation-based approach?
Fraternalistic deprivation is present and individuals experience negative emotions
What is the base of the expectancy-based paradigm?
Participation in collective action is based on rational decisionmaking (expectancy value theory)
What are the three motives?
- Collective
- Social
Reward
What are the three expectations needed?
- Participation will foster goal attainment
- Expected quality of others’ reactions to action
Expectation of costs and benefits that action will lead to
