WS25/26 Klinische Psychologie Bonus
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barriers in talking about ecological emotions
- 2/3 US americans rarely/ never talk about climate change -> climate of silence
- self silencing, impression manaement, pluralistic ignorance (underestimating others itnerest), shared narratives reduce percieved need to talk, defenses associated with loss/ shame/ guilt/ fear
- current lack of evidence-based communication formats
Eco-Anxiety
emotional & mental states associated with heightened awareness of climate change & concurrent distress in face of threatening implications for future
anxiety as key symptom (but theres more emotions)
different descriptions in literature (e.g. form of pre-traumatic stress disorder)
Primary themes in treting Eco Anxiety
- Fostering clients’ inner resilience
- Helping clients find social connection and emotional support by joining groups
- Encouraging clients to take action
- Practitioner’s inner work and education
- Connecting clients with nature
Intervention Forms
- cognitive interventions
- meaning-focused & existential interventions
- emotion-focused interventions
- self-care interventions
- interventions connecting clients with their lyrical self
Ways to help clients find social connection & emotional support
- joining established groups & organizations
- group rituals
- ecouraging clients to take action (indivudal, collective)
is conflict between automatic (reflexive) and control (reflective) brain systems a normal occurence?
yes
It is not possible to quantify approach-avoidance automacity
false
in anxiety dirsordders, exaggerated automatic avoidance only occurs in real threats, but not in percieved threats
false
in the AAT (appraoch avoidance task), would faster pushing movements away from spider pictures (vs. flowers) suggest an automatic avoidance bias?
yes
does appraoch bias modification (apBM) for addiction train people to automatically pull substance-related cues?
false
Functions of aggression
- adaptive value
- competition & status
- territorial defence
Aggression definition
- any behaviour aimed at harming a person/ object
- all violence is aggresion, but not all aggression is violent
- intent: involves intention/ perceived intent to hurt someone
- physical, verbal
- indirect / relatinal (e.g. social exclusion, spreading rumors)
Reactive (impulsive) aggression
- Emotional, hot-blooded responses to perceived threat or frustration
- Sudden, unplanned, high arousal (e.g., yelling in anger)
- Often linked to fear or threat
Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression
- Planned, goal-oriented, and unemotional
- Deliberate and used as a means to an end (e.g., bullying to achieve dominance)
- The person appears calm, controlled, not overtly angry
Physical aggression
- Direct bodily harm or property destruction (e.g., hitting, biting, breaking objects)
Verbal aggression
- Harm through words (e.g., insults, threats, screaming abuse)
Factors
- biological (genetics, brain structure, neurotransmitters)
- pyschological (impulsivity, hostility, mental health conditions)
- social (family, peer influence, socio-economic, stress, trauma, cultural norms)
= > interplay
Genetics & Neurobiolody aggression
- MAO-A gene variants affect serotonin metabolism
- Neurotransmitters:
- low serotonin levels linked to impulsive aggression
- high dopamin activity linked with aggression
- Brain structure
- prefronntal cortex (inhibits impulses)
- amygdala (processes threats/ fear)
- hormones & physiology (elevated testo linked to aggression)
Disorders linked to aggression (not always!)
Treatment
Types of Frequency Band/ Brain Wave
Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Delta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 0.5-3
Mental State (Activation): Deep sleep
Theta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 4 - 7
Mental State (Activation): Drowsy wakefulness, relaxation
Alpha Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 8 - 13
Mental State (Activation): Relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed
Beta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 14 - 30
Mental State (Activation): Wakefulness, mentally/ physically active, psychological stress
Gamma Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 31 - 60
Mental State (Activation): Special arousal conditions
Sleep Stages
Wakefulness
Non-REM Sleep Stages 1-4
REM Sleep
Wakefulness
alpha & beta activity
Non-REM Sleep Stages
1. Low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG signal (alpha, beta, theta) 5% total sleep time
2. Higher amplitude, lower frequency (sleep spindles & K-complexes ) (K-complexes are stage specific) 20% total sleep time
Slow-Wave-Sleep (SWS), often get summoned up into one stage, 20% total sleep time
3. Appearance of first delta waves (10-50%)
4. Dominance of delta waves (>50%)
REM Sleep
- EEG similar to stage 1: high frequency, occasional theta-activity
- High arousal threshold
- Rapid eye movements
- Muscle atonia / muscular inhibition
- dreams
- 20-25% total sleep time
EPG
eye activity
EMG
Muscular activity
Sleep Architecture
Cyclic sequence of sleep stages
- Period duration: ~ 90min
- 2 runter zu 4 hoch zu REM
- Non-REM & REM = basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC)
- REM sleep increases towards end of night
- SWS decreases towards end of the night
Hyothesis of sleep-inducing substances / Schlafstoff-hypothesse
- Old
- Hypnotoxin -> produced during wakefulness -> fall alssep
- Reduced during sleep -> wake up
Restorative Theories
- Being awake disrupts the body‘s homeostasis
- Sleep restores body & brain
- E.g., tissue repair, energy replenishment & memory consolidation
- Pro: every animal sleeps, why make vulnerable if we dont need, however not related to physical size e.g. elephant only needs 3 hours of sleep
Adaptive/Evolutionary Theories
- Sleep as evolutionary adaptation for survival
- Helps conserve energy and avoid danger during vulnerable times (e.g., night)
- Animals who are less vulnerable sleep less e.g. elephant (contra jaguar schläft 10 h)
Borbély‘s Two-Process Model of Sleep
- Process S: Sleep Homeostasis
- Represents sleep pressure
- Builds up during wakefulness
- Dissipates during sleep
- Process C: Circadian Rhythm
- Regulated by internal body clock (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, SCN)
- Influences sleep timing
- Not enough sleep: rising sleep pressure
Circadian Rhythm
- Biological process following an approximately 24-h cycle
- Most dominant rhythm in humans
- physiological / psychological circadian rhythms
Physiological Circadian Rhythms
- Sleep-wake cycle
- Body temperature
- Endocrine rhythms (i.e., cortisol, melatonin)
- Food intake
Psychological Circadian Rhythms
- Pain sensitivity
- Reaction time
- Vigilance/Alertness
- Memory
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Flashcards
Types of Frequency Band/ Brain Wave
Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Delta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 0.5-3
Mental State (Activation): Deep sleep
Theta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 4 - 7
Mental State (Activation): Drowsy wakefulness, relaxation
Alpha Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 8 - 13
Mental State (Activation): Relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed
Beta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 14 - 30
Mental State (Activation): Wakefulness, mentally/ physically active, psychological stress
Gamma Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 31 - 60
Mental State (Activation): Special arousal conditions
Sleep Stages
Wakefulness
Non-REM Sleep Stages 1-4
REM Sleep
Wakefulness
alpha & beta activity
Non-REM Sleep Stages
1. Low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG signal (alpha, beta, theta) 5% total sleep time
2. Higher amplitude, lower frequency (sleep spindles & K-complexes ) (K-complexes are stage specific) 20% total sleep time
Slow-Wave-Sleep (SWS), often get summoned up into one stage, 20% total sleep time
3. Appearance of first delta waves (10-50%)
4. Dominance of delta waves (>50%)
REM Sleep
- EEG similar to stage 1: high frequency, occasional theta-activity
- High arousal threshold
- Rapid eye movements
- Muscle atonia / muscular inhibition
- dreams
- 20-25% total sleep time
EPG
eye activity
EMG
Muscular activity
Sleep Architecture
Cyclic sequence of sleep stages
- Period duration: ~ 90min
- 2 runter zu 4 hoch zu REM
- Non-REM & REM = basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC)
- REM sleep increases towards end of night
- SWS decreases towards end of the night
Hyothesis of sleep-inducing substances / Schlafstoff-hypothesse
- Old
- Hypnotoxin -> produced during wakefulness -> fall alssep
- Reduced during sleep -> wake up
Restorative Theories
- Being awake disrupts the body‘s homeostasis
- Sleep restores body & brain
- E.g., tissue repair, energy replenishment & memory consolidation
- Pro: every animal sleeps, why make vulnerable if we dont need, however not related to physical size e.g. elephant only needs 3 hours of sleep
Adaptive/Evolutionary Theories
- Sleep as evolutionary adaptation for survival
- Helps conserve energy and avoid danger during vulnerable times (e.g., night)
- Animals who are less vulnerable sleep less e.g. elephant (contra jaguar schläft 10 h)
Borbély‘s Two-Process Model of Sleep
- Process S: Sleep Homeostasis
- Represents sleep pressure
- Builds up during wakefulness
- Dissipates during sleep
- Process C: Circadian Rhythm
- Regulated by internal body clock (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, SCN)
- Influences sleep timing
- Not enough sleep: rising sleep pressure
Circadian Rhythm
- Biological process following an approximately 24-h cycle
- Most dominant rhythm in humans
- physiological / psychological circadian rhythms
Physiological Circadian Rhythms
- Sleep-wake cycle
- Body temperature
- Endocrine rhythms (i.e., cortisol, melatonin)
- Food intake
Psychological Circadian Rhythms
- Pain sensitivity
- Reaction time
- Vigilance/Alertness
- Memory
Free-Running Circadian Rhythm
Circadian rhythms under constant enviornmental conditions
work even without external "Zeitgeber" (e.g. light, food intake, temperature, social information)
Components Circadian Rhythms
Zeitgeber -> synchronizes -> Oscillators
Oscillators = Pacemakers = biological structures/ systems responsible for generating/ controlling rhythmis physiological processes
- Primary Oscillators -> ZNS, Nucleus Suprachiasmaticus (most important inner clock)
- Secondary Oscillators/ Passive Pacemakers -> PNS, Synchronize soecific organ systems
Nucleus Suprachiasmaticus (SCN)
central pacemaker of the circadian rhythm
rel. klein, über Chiasma Opticum, Teil des Hypothalamus
Afferents: Ganglion cells of retina, Retinohypothalamic tract
way information about light gets to it: ganglion cells of retina -> bipolar cell -> zapfen/ stäbchen -> Retinohypothalamic Tract -> SCN
Gen-Protein Rhythms - Cells of SCN
- clock protein + cycle protein bind -> clocl/cycle dimer
- clocl/cycle dimer moves into nucleaus & binds to DNS -> Activation transcription Per- & Cry Genes
- Per & Cry associate -> bind to Tau protein
- Per/ Cry/ Tau complex inhibits activity of Clocl/Cycle dimers -> slowed transcription (P.S Endproduktrepression)
- Degradation of Per/Cry/TAu complex processes starts (takes ~ 24h)
Connection to light: light triggers glutamte release from ganglion cellls -> stimulates transcription cry gene
brain area relevant for ability to sleep
anteriorer hypothalamus
brain area relevant for being awake/ damage = to much sleep
posterior hypothalamus
brain area relevant for waking up
reticular activating system (RAS) & reticular formation
Bremer lesion experiments: cutting between midbrain & forbrain -> inability to wake up, cutting between lower brain & spinal cord -> still noraml sleep wake rhythm
Neurochemicals for Sleeping
Melatonin (sleep induction & maintenance)
Acetylcholine (Maintenance of wakefulness, promotes REM sleep)
Serotonin (activating, wake promoting, REM-termination/ suppression)
Orexin (Activating, wake promoting, bloackage of REM, muscle atonia)
Sleep disorders
- Insomnia
- Hypersomnia
- Parasomnia
Insomnia Definition
- Difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, or early-morning awakening
- despite adequate opportunity to sleep (DSM-5
- Leading to significant distress or impairments in functioning
Insomnia Disorder profile
- Frequency of 3 or more nights per week and duration of 3 months or longer
- NOT explained by presence of mental disorders or medical conditions
- Prevalence: most common, 10% of adult population, frequency increases with age, female/ male ratio: 2:1, low socioeconomic status increases insomnia risk
Acute Insomnia
- Sleep disorder triggered by a specific stressor, which remits once the stressor is removed
Psychophysiological Insomnia
- Sleep disorder as a result of increased psychophysiological arousal (i.e., heightened tension levels)
Paradoxical Insomnia
- Complaints about a sleep disorder without objective evidence of one; misperception of actual sleep ability
Idiopathic Insomnia
- Sleep disorder beginning in childhood without a recognizable cause
Insomnia associated with a mental disorder
- Sleep disorder is the main or a very severe symptom of a mental disorder and requires separate/specific treatment
Insomnia due to inadequate sleep hygiene
- Sleep disorder involving mostly unconscious behaviors incompatible with sleep
Behavioral sleep disorder in childhood
- Sleep disorder due to lack of or inappropriate education regarding bedtime routines
Insomnia related to medication/substance abuse
- Sleep disorder due to regular use of medications/drugs or due to withdrawal effects
Physiological/organic insomnia
- Residual category for nonspecific/organic sleep disorders
- Everything that doesn’t quite fit
