WS25/26 Klinische Psychologie Bonus
unvollständig
unvollständig
barriers in talking about ecological emotions
- 2/3 US americans rarely/ never talk about climate change -> climate of silence
- self silencing, impression manaement, pluralistic ignorance (underestimating others itnerest), shared narratives reduce percieved need to talk, defenses associated with loss/ shame/ guilt/ fear
- current lack of evidence-based communication formats
Eco-Anxiety
emotional & mental states associated with heightened awareness of climate change & concurrent distress in face of threatening implications for future
anxiety as key symptom (but theres more emotions)
different descriptions in literature (e.g. form of pre-traumatic stress disorder)
Primary themes in treting Eco Anxiety
- Fostering clients’ inner resilience
- Helping clients find social connection and emotional support by joining groups
- Encouraging clients to take action
- Practitioner’s inner work and education
- Connecting clients with nature
Intervention Forms
- cognitive interventions
- meaning-focused & existential interventions
- emotion-focused interventions
- self-care interventions
- interventions connecting clients with their lyrical self
Ways to help clients find social connection & emotional support
- joining established groups & organizations
- group rituals
- ecouraging clients to take action (indivudal, collective)
is conflict between automatic (reflexive) and control (reflective) brain systems a normal occurence?
yes
It is not possible to quantify approach-avoidance automacity
false
in anxiety dirsordders, exaggerated automatic avoidance only occurs in real threats, but not in percieved threats
false
in the AAT (appraoch avoidance task), would faster pushing movements away from spider pictures (vs. flowers) suggest an automatic avoidance bias?
yes
does appraoch bias modification (apBM) for addiction train people to automatically pull substance-related cues?
false
Functions of aggression
- adaptive value
- competition & status
- territorial defence
Aggression definition
- any behaviour aimed at harming a person/ object
- all violence is aggresion, but not all aggression is violent
- intent: involves intention/ perceived intent to hurt someone
- physical, verbal
- indirect / relatinal (e.g. social exclusion, spreading rumors)
Reactive (impulsive) aggression
- Emotional, hot-blooded responses to perceived threat or frustration
- Sudden, unplanned, high arousal (e.g., yelling in anger)
- Often linked to fear or threat
Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression
- Planned, goal-oriented, and unemotional
- Deliberate and used as a means to an end (e.g., bullying to achieve dominance)
- The person appears calm, controlled, not overtly angry
Physical aggression
- Direct bodily harm or property destruction (e.g., hitting, biting, breaking objects)
Verbal aggression
- Harm through words (e.g., insults, threats, screaming abuse)
Factors
- biological (genetics, brain structure, neurotransmitters)
- pyschological (impulsivity, hostility, mental health conditions)
- social (family, peer influence, socio-economic, stress, trauma, cultural norms)
= > interplay
Genetics & Neurobiolody aggression
- MAO-A gene variants affect serotonin metabolism
- Neurotransmitters:
- low serotonin levels linked to impulsive aggression
- high dopamin activity linked with aggression
- Brain structure
- prefronntal cortex (inhibits impulses)
- amygdala (processes threats/ fear)
- hormones & physiology (elevated testo linked to aggression)
Disorders linked to aggression (not always!)
Treatment
Types of Frequency Band/ Brain Wave
Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Delta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 0.5-3
Mental State (Activation): Deep sleep
Theta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 4 - 7
Mental State (Activation): Drowsy wakefulness, relaxation
Alpha Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 8 - 13
Mental State (Activation): Relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed
Beta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 14 - 30
Mental State (Activation): Wakefulness, mentally/ physically active, psychological stress
Gamma Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 31 - 60
Mental State (Activation): Special arousal conditions
Sleep Stages
Wakefulness
Non-REM Sleep Stages 1-4
REM Sleep
Wakefulness
alpha & beta activity
Non-REM Sleep Stages
1. Low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG signal (alpha, beta, theta) 5% total sleep time
2. Higher amplitude, lower frequency (sleep spindles & K-complexes ) (K-complexes are stage specific) 20% total sleep time
Slow-Wave-Sleep (SWS), often get summoned up into one stage, 20% total sleep time
3. Appearance of first delta waves (10-50%)
4. Dominance of delta waves (>50%)
REM Sleep
- EEG similar to stage 1: high frequency, occasional theta-activity
- High arousal threshold
- Rapid eye movements
- Muscle atonia / muscular inhibition
- dreams
- 20-25% total sleep time
EPG
eye activity
EMG
Muscular activity
Sleep Architecture
Cyclic sequence of sleep stages
- Period duration: ~ 90min
- 2 runter zu 4 hoch zu REM
- Non-REM & REM = basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC)
- REM sleep increases towards end of night
- SWS decreases towards end of the night
Hyothesis of sleep-inducing substances / Schlafstoff-hypothesse
- Old
- Hypnotoxin -> produced during wakefulness -> fall alssep
- Reduced during sleep -> wake up
Restorative Theories
- Being awake disrupts the body‘s homeostasis
- Sleep restores body & brain
- E.g., tissue repair, energy replenishment & memory consolidation
- Pro: every animal sleeps, why make vulnerable if we dont need, however not related to physical size e.g. elephant only needs 3 hours of sleep
Adaptive/Evolutionary Theories
- Sleep as evolutionary adaptation for survival
- Helps conserve energy and avoid danger during vulnerable times (e.g., night)
- Animals who are less vulnerable sleep less e.g. elephant (contra jaguar schläft 10 h)
Borbély‘s Two-Process Model of Sleep
- Process S: Sleep Homeostasis
- Represents sleep pressure
- Builds up during wakefulness
- Dissipates during sleep
- Process C: Circadian Rhythm
- Regulated by internal body clock (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, SCN)
- Influences sleep timing
- Not enough sleep: rising sleep pressure
Circadian Rhythm
- Biological process following an approximately 24-h cycle
- Most dominant rhythm in humans
- physiological / psychological circadian rhythms
Physiological Circadian Rhythms
- Sleep-wake cycle
- Body temperature
- Endocrine rhythms (i.e., cortisol, melatonin)
- Food intake
Psychological Circadian Rhythms
- Pain sensitivity
- Reaction time
- Vigilance/Alertness
- Memory
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Flashcards
Aspects that trigger Insomnia and lead into a Teufelskreis
Diagnostics Insomnia
- Patient history
- Physical examination
- Mediacation/ Substance use history
- Sleep history
- Examination in sleep laboratory / polysomnography
- Imaging (neurological causes)
- Actigraphy (sleep-wake cycle examining)
Treatment Sleep Issues
- Education & Sleep Hygiene
- cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- Pharmacological Treatment
Education / Sleep Hygiene
Avoid sleep incompatible behaviour:
- extra time in bed
- irregular bed times
- enviornment (temperature,noise, light)
- physical activity in the evening
- alcohol/ coffee
- checking time
Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy
Goal: dismantling teufelskreis
cogniton (overthinking, worrying)
cognitive restructuring: identifiying / challenging unhelpful beliefs about sleep & replacing with realisting/ calming thoughts
worry managment: worry time during day
emotion (anger, restlessness, agiation)
Physiology (arousal, sweating, heart racing)
behavioural: stimulus control (bed-sleep association), sleep restriction (& gradually increase) rekaxation training (muscles, breathing, guided imagery)
Pharmacological Treatment
Benzodiazepine (less sleep latency, more total sleep time, drowsy during the day)
Non Benzodiazepine "Z-drugs", simmilar to bzws but fewer next day effect
orexin receptor antagonist (decreased wakefulness drive & minimal rebound insomnia)
melatonin & melatonin agonists
antidepressants
BUT:
- should be last resort, going off is stressful
- short term use (< 4 weeks) -> minimum tolerance, dependence
- regular review for effectiveness & side effects
- combine with cbt
Insomnia Comorbidities
Medical
- cardiovascular diseases
- chronis pain ssyndromes
- respiratory conditions
- neurodegenerative diseases
Psychiatric
- depression
- anxiety disorder
- substance use disorders
- most common comorbidities, diagnose present 40-50% insomniac patients, insomnia strong predictor future psychiatric disorders
Definition Hypersomnolence Disorder
- Excessive sleepiness despine a main sleep period last at least 7h
- mind. 3 times per week for 3 months
- mind. 1 symptom: recurrent periods of sleep/ lapses into sleep within day, prlonged sleep epiosde (>9h) per day that is non restorative, diffcitulty with being fully awakee/ abrupt awakening
- accompanied by significant distress / impairment in cognitive/ social/ occupational/ important areas of functioning
- not better explained by another disorder
- 5-10% of US individuals, often begins in adolescence/ ealry adulthood, equal in all genders
Hypersomnia Comorbidities
Medical.
- obstructive sleep apnea
- obesity
- epilepsy
- metabolic syndrome / type 2 diabetes
- migraine
- restless leg syndrome
psychiatric conditions
- depression
- anxiety disorders
- eating disorders
- ADHD (more than half hypersomnia patients)
Definition of Trauma:
- Event/ series of event exceptional threat/ catastrophic magnitude
- Forms of experience: direct experience, personal witnessing, repeated/ extreme exposure to aversive details of traumatic event
- Characteristics: sudden/ unexpected occurrence, horror (emotional/ cognitive), subjective experience of loss of control, Questioning of one's previous value system
Classification:
Early Trauma:
- Experiencing traumatic events/ adversity before age of 18
- Children experience harm, caregivers are affected by own trauma, children not well cared for
- E.g. All forms of abuse, trauma in chils environment, peer violence, natural disasters
Assessing Early Trauma:
- Police reports, reports of social security services
- Third person reports
- Questionnaires
- Interviews
Difference trauma
- Different severity & quality depending on trauma (which trauma, quantity)
Prevalance
- High prevalence rates
- Correlation with: Opportunities, Risky behaviors, chronis disease, infectious disease, maternal health, mental health, injury
- Higher risk for psyhopathology, disease, mortality
CBASP Wirkung
- (new treatment for chronic depression
- Higher effiency the higher the severity of the trauma
- No effect on first 3 trauma types
- Effect increase over time
Factors that are relevant for the consequences of early trauma
- Genes, Environments
- Specific types of trauma influence specific parts of the brain
- Time of trauma -> which system is still growing
Mechanisms influenced by early trauma:
- Social Information Processing (e.g. enhanced threat detection, hostile attribution bias)
- Emotion processing (e.g. heightened emotion reactivity, poor emotion regulation)
- Accelerated Biological Aging (e.g. pubertal timing, cellular aging)
Threat response:
- Stimuli -> visual cortex -> amygdala (-> behavioral & psychological response) & prefrontal cortext (-> fear)
Emotion processing early trauma:
- Less use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies
- Less flexibility with use of emotional regulation -> not always right strategy
- Less prefrontal activation, less connectivity
Relevance Social support:
- Association between social support & resilience
Resilience
- Ability of a person to psychologically adapt, recover, and grow despite stressful or traumatic experiences
- Key aspects: psychological resilience, adaptive coping, flexibility, social support, neurobiological basis
Post-Traumatic Growth:
- Positive psychological development following the coping with a traumatic event; profound personal growth and transformation
Visually witnessing domestic violence neurological influence:
reduced GMV in primary visual cortex
reduced integrity of inferior longitudinal fasciculus
-> important roles in limbin & visual systems, memory, emotional response
Penetrative sexual abuse neurological influence:
thinning of portions of the somatosensory cortex responsible for sensastion from clitoris/ surrounding genital area
emotional abuse neurological influence:
thinning in cortical regions relevant for self-awareness & self-evaluation
Dennis & Dennis, 1940
- Vergleich zwei Gruppen von Hopi (festwickeln Einschränkung Bewegungsfreiraum)
- Gruppe 1: festbinden der Kinder auf einem Wickelbrett à Einschränkung der bewegungsfreiheit bis zum ende des 1 LJ.
- Gruppe 2: kein festbinden
- Keine unterschiede zwischen gruppen -> Laufen Ergebnis von Reifung
Prägung
- Lernvorgang innerhalb bestimmter lernsensibler Phasen/ Lebensabschnitte
- Konzept der Ethologie (Verhaltensforschung, also Biologie)
- Spezialisierung Auslöseschema für Instinkthandlung
- Bezieht sich auf einzige Bewegung/ Gruppe von Verhaltensweisen
- In Ontogense einmalig, nicht nachholbar
Sensible Phasen:
(Themenbereich Prägung)
- Entwicklungsabschnitte, in denen spezielle Erfahrungen maximal pos/ neg. Wirkung haben
- Beispiele:
- Frühe Bindung (John Bowlby)
- Stadientheorien
- Embryonalentwicklung
Definition Lernen
- Sammelbegriff nicht unmittelbar beobachtbare Vorgänge im Organismus
- Entstehen durch Erfahrung, Quelle Veränderung: Umwelt
- Führen zu Verhaltensveränderung
- Lerntheorien
- klassische Konditionierung
- Operante Konditionierung
- Beobachtungslernen
Gegenkonzept zur Reifung
Sozialisation
- Einfluss sozio-kultureller faktoren auf Entw
- Hineinwachsen in Verhaltens-/ Erlebensnormen sowie Wertvorstellungen einer Kultur/ Gesellschaft
- Entwicklung durch/ in Itneraktion mit sozialer Umwelt
Tichtermodell der Sozialisation (Child)
- Passiver Prozess: fortschreitende Einengung & Festlegung des Verhaltens durch die Umwelt
Sozialisation als Erwerb von Rollen (G.H. Mead, T. Parsons)
- Rollen innerhalb einer Gesellschaft (bspw. Alter, Beschäftigugnsgruppe)
- damit verbunden: Erwartungen über kenntnisse, einstellungen, verhalten
- diese werden in interaktion mit umwelt erlernt, verknüpfung verschiedener Rollen mit dem Selbst
Sozialsiation als Bewältigung von Entwicklungsaufgaben
- Vertreter: Freud, Ericson, Havighurst
- Verschiedene Entwicklungsabschnitte sind mit spezif. Entwicklungsaufgaben verbunden
Bidirektionals Modell
- Beeinflussung durch Kinder
- Angeborene reflexe von Säuglingen -> Lächeln, Greifen
- Temperament eines Kindes
- Methoden von Kindern (Pauls & Johann, 1984)
- Konstruktiv-aktive Steuerung (argumentieren)
- Vorwürfe
- steuerung durch Bestrafung (peinl. Verhalten in Öffentlichkeit)
- Steuerung durch z.B Schmeicheln
Jean Piaget Lebenslauf
- 1. Veröffentlichung über albinotischen Spatz mit 10 Jahren
- Wissenschaftl. Beschäftigung mit Weichtieren (Mollusken) (hochbegabt, kreativ)
- Beschäftigung mit Philosophie (veröffentl. philosophischer Roman)
- Studium der Naturwissenschaften, Promotion Schweiz, Arbeit ü Weichtiere
- Sorbonne Studium der Psychologie & Philosophie, Mitarbeit an Standardisierung von Binets Intelligenzstests, Austausch mit James Mark Baldwin auf dessen Ideen er später aufbaute
- studienleiter am jean-jacque-rousseau-institut in genf (Veröff. zahlreicher bücher über entw. des denkens bei kindern, internationale anerkennung als kinderpschologe, forschung zu verschiedenen ASpekten geistiger Entw./ Erziehung/ Ideengeschichte/ Logik/ Erkenntnistheorie) (etwa 40 bücger, 100 artikel allein im gebiet der kinderpsychologie)
- Prof für Psychologie an uni genf, uni sorbonne
James Mark Baldwin
- 1861–1934
- Philosoph und Psychologe
- Lehrte u.a. an Universitäten in Toronto und Princeton
- Gründete Labore
- Zusammen mit G. Stanley Hall begründete er die American Psychological Association
- Betonte immer wieder die Wichtigkeit der Evolutionstheorie für die Humanwissenschaften
- Zentrale Ideen: genetische Epistemologie, Gewohnheitsbildung, Zirkuläre Reaktionen, Assimilation und Akkomodation, „Epochen“ der geistigen Entwicklung, darin senomotorische Stufe, und Stufen des logischen Denkens, Schemata.
Merkmale der Theorie von Piaget
- Genetische Erkenntnistheorie (wie begreift der mensch die welt, wie entwickelt sich dies -> genese)
- Biologischer Ansatz (anpassung organismus an seine umwelt, gesitige embryologie)
- Konstruktivismus (menschl. erkenntnis als konstruktion, realitätsverständnis = aktive, konstruktive Leistung, wie verändert konstruktion sich im verlauf der ontogenese?)
- Strukturalismus (strukturen die einem untersuchungsgegenstand zugrunde liegen, annahme: geringe anzahl geistiger operation als grundlage für denkprozesse, "Schemata")
Schemata
- typische Weise, eine bestimmte Klasse von Umweltgegebenheiten zu handhaben, wirken top-down
- sensomotorische Schemata werden im Laufe der ersten Lebensj. verinnerlicht: Basis höhere kognitiver Schemata
- e.g. Saugen, greifen, auge-handkoordination, bewegugns-effekt-erwartung, allg. operationen
Merkmale der Entwicklungsstadien
- ein stadium als strukturiertes ganzes, ein zustand des gleichgewichts
- umstrukturierung schemata -> jedes stadium geht aus dem davor hervor
- invariante sequenz
- universell
- jedes stadium schreitet von "werden zu sein"
