WS25/26 Klinische Psychologie Bonus

• 2/3 US americans rarely/ never talk about climate change -> climate of silence
• self silencing, impression manaement, pluralistic ignorance (underestimating others itnerest), shared narratives reduce percieved need to talk, defenses associated with loss/ shame/ guilt/ fear
• current lack of evidence-based communication formats

emotional & mental states associated with heightened awareness of climate change & concurrent distress in face of threatening implications for future

anxiety as key symptom (but theres more emotions)

different descriptions in literature (e.g. form of pre-traumatic stress disorder)

•  Fostering clients’ inner resilience
• Helping clients find social connection and emotional support by joining groups
• Encouraging clients to take action
• Practitioner’s inner work and education
• Connecting clients with nature

• cognitive interventions
• meaning-focused & existential interventions
• emotion-focused interventions
• self-care interventions
• interventions connecting clients with their lyrical self

• joining established groups & organizations
• group rituals
• ecouraging clients to take action (indivudal, collective)

yes

false

false

yes

false

• adaptive value
• competition & status
• territorial defence

• any behaviour aimed at harming a person/ object
• all violence is aggresion, but not all aggression is violent
• intent: involves intention/ perceived intent to hurt someone 
• physical, verbal
• indirect / relatinal (e.g. social exclusion, spreading rumors)

• Emotional, hot-blooded responses to perceived threat or frustration
• Sudden, unplanned, high arousal (e.g., yelling in anger)
• Often linked to fear or threat

• Planned, goal-oriented, and unemotional
• Deliberate and used as a means to an end (e.g., bullying to achieve dominance)
• The person appears calm, controlled, not overtly angry

• Direct bodily harm or property destruction (e.g., hitting, biting, breaking objects)

•  Harm through words (e.g., insults, threats, screaming abuse)

• biological (genetics, brain structure, neurotransmitters)
• pyschological (impulsivity, hostility, mental health conditions) 
• social (family, peer influence, socio-economic, stress, trauma, cultural norms)

= > interplay

• MAO-A gene variants affect serotonin metabolism
• Neurotransmitters:
  • low serotonin levels linked to impulsive aggression
  • high dopamin activity linked with aggression
• Brain structure
  • prefronntal cortex (inhibits impulses)
  • amygdala (processes threats/ fear)
  • hormones & physiology (elevated testo linked to aggression)

Frequency Range (Hz.): 0.5-3

Mental State (Activation): Deep sleep

Frequency Range (Hz.): 4 - 7

Mental State (Activation): Drowsy wakefulness, relaxation

Frequency Range (Hz.): 8 - 13

Mental State (Activation): Relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed

Frequency Range (Hz.): 14 - 30

Mental State (Activation): Wakefulness, mentally/ physically active, psychological stress

Frequency Range (Hz.): 31 - 60

Mental State (Activation): Special arousal conditions

Wakefulness

Non-REM Sleep Stages 1-4

REM Sleep

alpha & beta activity 

1. Low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG signal (alpha, beta, theta) 5% total sleep time

2. Higher amplitude, lower frequency (sleep spindles & K-complexes ) (K-complexes are stage specific) 20% total sleep time

Slow-Wave-Sleep (SWS), often get summoned up into one stage, 20% total sleep time

3. Appearance of first delta waves (10-50%)

4. Dominance of delta waves (>50%)

• EEG similar to stage 1: high frequency, occasional theta-activity
• High arousal threshold
• Rapid eye movements 
• Muscle atonia / muscular inhibition
• dreams
• 20-25% total sleep time

eye activity

Muscular activity

Cyclic sequence of sleep stages

• Period duration: ~ 90min
• 2 runter zu 4 hoch zu REM
• Non-REM & REM = basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC)
• REM sleep increases towards end of night 
• SWS decreases towards end of the night

• Old
• Hypnotoxin -> produced during wakefulness -> fall alssep
• Reduced during sleep -> wake up

• Being awake disrupts the body‘s homeostasis
• Sleep restores body & brain
• E.g., tissue repair, energy replenishment & memory consolidation
• Pro: every animal sleeps, why make vulnerable if we dont need, however not related to physical size e.g. elephant only needs 3 hours of sleep

• Sleep as evolutionary adaptation for survival
• Helps conserve energy and avoid danger during vulnerable times (e.g., night)
• Animals who are less vulnerable sleep less e.g. elephant (contra jaguar schläft 10 h)

• Process S: Sleep Homeostasis
  • Represents sleep pressure
  • Builds up during wakefulness
  • Dissipates during sleep
• Process C: Circadian Rhythm
  • Regulated by internal body clock (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, SCN)
  • Influences sleep timing
• Not enough sleep: rising sleep pressure

• Biological process following an approximately 24-h cycle
• Most dominant rhythm in humans
• physiological / psychological circadian rhythms

• Sleep-wake cycle
• Body temperature
• Endocrine rhythms (i.e., cortisol, melatonin)
• Food intake

• Pain sensitivity
• Reaction time
• Vigilance/Alertness
• Memory