WS25/26 Klinische Psychologie Bonus
unvollständig
unvollständig
barriers in talking about ecological emotions
- 2/3 US americans rarely/ never talk about climate change -> climate of silence
- self silencing, impression manaement, pluralistic ignorance (underestimating others itnerest), shared narratives reduce percieved need to talk, defenses associated with loss/ shame/ guilt/ fear
- current lack of evidence-based communication formats
Eco-Anxiety
emotional & mental states associated with heightened awareness of climate change & concurrent distress in face of threatening implications for future
anxiety as key symptom (but theres more emotions)
different descriptions in literature (e.g. form of pre-traumatic stress disorder)
Primary themes in treting Eco Anxiety
- Fostering clients’ inner resilience
- Helping clients find social connection and emotional support by joining groups
- Encouraging clients to take action
- Practitioner’s inner work and education
- Connecting clients with nature
Intervention Forms
- cognitive interventions
- meaning-focused & existential interventions
- emotion-focused interventions
- self-care interventions
- interventions connecting clients with their lyrical self
Ways to help clients find social connection & emotional support
- joining established groups & organizations
- group rituals
- ecouraging clients to take action (indivudal, collective)
is conflict between automatic (reflexive) and control (reflective) brain systems a normal occurence?
yes
It is not possible to quantify approach-avoidance automacity
false
in anxiety dirsordders, exaggerated automatic avoidance only occurs in real threats, but not in percieved threats
false
in the AAT (appraoch avoidance task), would faster pushing movements away from spider pictures (vs. flowers) suggest an automatic avoidance bias?
yes
does appraoch bias modification (apBM) for addiction train people to automatically pull substance-related cues?
false
Functions of aggression
- adaptive value
- competition & status
- territorial defence
Aggression definition
- any behaviour aimed at harming a person/ object
- all violence is aggresion, but not all aggression is violent
- intent: involves intention/ perceived intent to hurt someone
- physical, verbal
- indirect / relatinal (e.g. social exclusion, spreading rumors)
Reactive (impulsive) aggression
- Emotional, hot-blooded responses to perceived threat or frustration
- Sudden, unplanned, high arousal (e.g., yelling in anger)
- Often linked to fear or threat
Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression
- Planned, goal-oriented, and unemotional
- Deliberate and used as a means to an end (e.g., bullying to achieve dominance)
- The person appears calm, controlled, not overtly angry
Physical aggression
- Direct bodily harm or property destruction (e.g., hitting, biting, breaking objects)
Verbal aggression
- Harm through words (e.g., insults, threats, screaming abuse)
Factors
- biological (genetics, brain structure, neurotransmitters)
- pyschological (impulsivity, hostility, mental health conditions)
- social (family, peer influence, socio-economic, stress, trauma, cultural norms)
= > interplay
Genetics & Neurobiolody aggression
- MAO-A gene variants affect serotonin metabolism
- Neurotransmitters:
- low serotonin levels linked to impulsive aggression
- high dopamin activity linked with aggression
- Brain structure
- prefronntal cortex (inhibits impulses)
- amygdala (processes threats/ fear)
- hormones & physiology (elevated testo linked to aggression)
Disorders linked to aggression (not always!)
Treatment
Types of Frequency Band/ Brain Wave
Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Delta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 0.5-3
Mental State (Activation): Deep sleep
Theta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 4 - 7
Mental State (Activation): Drowsy wakefulness, relaxation
Alpha Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 8 - 13
Mental State (Activation): Relaxed wakefulness, eyes closed
Beta Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 14 - 30
Mental State (Activation): Wakefulness, mentally/ physically active, psychological stress
Gamma Brain Wave
Frequency Range (Hz.): 31 - 60
Mental State (Activation): Special arousal conditions
Sleep Stages
Wakefulness
Non-REM Sleep Stages 1-4
REM Sleep
Wakefulness
alpha & beta activity
Non-REM Sleep Stages
1. Low-amplitude, high-frequency EEG signal (alpha, beta, theta) 5% total sleep time
2. Higher amplitude, lower frequency (sleep spindles & K-complexes ) (K-complexes are stage specific) 20% total sleep time
Slow-Wave-Sleep (SWS), often get summoned up into one stage, 20% total sleep time
3. Appearance of first delta waves (10-50%)
4. Dominance of delta waves (>50%)
REM Sleep
- EEG similar to stage 1: high frequency, occasional theta-activity
- High arousal threshold
- Rapid eye movements
- Muscle atonia / muscular inhibition
- dreams
- 20-25% total sleep time
EPG
eye activity
EMG
Muscular activity
Sleep Architecture
Cyclic sequence of sleep stages
- Period duration: ~ 90min
- 2 runter zu 4 hoch zu REM
- Non-REM & REM = basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC)
- REM sleep increases towards end of night
- SWS decreases towards end of the night
Hyothesis of sleep-inducing substances / Schlafstoff-hypothesse
- Old
- Hypnotoxin -> produced during wakefulness -> fall alssep
- Reduced during sleep -> wake up
Restorative Theories
- Being awake disrupts the body‘s homeostasis
- Sleep restores body & brain
- E.g., tissue repair, energy replenishment & memory consolidation
- Pro: every animal sleeps, why make vulnerable if we dont need, however not related to physical size e.g. elephant only needs 3 hours of sleep
Adaptive/Evolutionary Theories
- Sleep as evolutionary adaptation for survival
- Helps conserve energy and avoid danger during vulnerable times (e.g., night)
- Animals who are less vulnerable sleep less e.g. elephant (contra jaguar schläft 10 h)
Borbély‘s Two-Process Model of Sleep
- Process S: Sleep Homeostasis
- Represents sleep pressure
- Builds up during wakefulness
- Dissipates during sleep
- Process C: Circadian Rhythm
- Regulated by internal body clock (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, SCN)
- Influences sleep timing
- Not enough sleep: rising sleep pressure
Circadian Rhythm
- Biological process following an approximately 24-h cycle
- Most dominant rhythm in humans
- physiological / psychological circadian rhythms
Physiological Circadian Rhythms
- Sleep-wake cycle
- Body temperature
- Endocrine rhythms (i.e., cortisol, melatonin)
- Food intake
Psychological Circadian Rhythms
- Pain sensitivity
- Reaction time
- Vigilance/Alertness
- Memory
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Lernkarten
Was ist angeboren?
- Reflexschemata
- Instinkte
- Funktionen (d.h epistemologische Vorraussetzungen)
Funktionen
Adaptation
- generell Funktion des Verhaltens
- gegenseitige Anpassung zw. Mensch & Umwelt
- hergestellt durch komplemntäre Mechanismen
- Assimilation
- Anpassung Umweltgegebenheiten an Schemata des Subjekts
- Akkomodation
- Anpassung Schemata an Umwelt (Erfordernisse der gegebenheit)
- Assimilation
Äquilibration
- Organismus innewohnende selbstregulatorische Tendenz zur aufrechterhaltung/ wiederherstellung eines kognitiven Gleichgewichts
- Bezug je nach Zeitspanne:
- aktueller Prozess Ausbalancierung von Assimilation & Akkomodation
- Zustand Konsolidierung innerhalb einer Entwicklungsstufe
- Erreichung höchste Entwicklungsstufe
Das sensomotorische Stadium
- Reflexstadium (1. Monat)
- Primäre Zirkulärreaktionen (1.-4. Monat)
- Sekundäre Zirkulärreaktionen (4.-8. Monat)
- Koordination der sekundären Verhaltensschemata (8.-12. Monat)
- Tertiäre Zirkulärreaktion, aktives Experimentieren (12.-18. Monat)
- Erfindung neuer Handlungsmuster durch innerliches Vorerproben (18.-24. Monat
1. Reflexstadium (1 Monat)
- Übung angeborender Reflexe (Saugen, Greifen, Schlucken)
- Konsolidierung & Differenzierung dieser Schema
2. primäre zirkulärreaktion (1-4 Monat)
- Spontanes Ausführen und ständiges Wiederholen („zirkulär“) der zunächst reflexartigen Verhaltensweisen
- Verhaltensweisen, die den eigenen Körper im Mittelpunkt haben („primär“) und angenehm sind, z.B. Saugen, Lautproduktion
- Vorrangig Assimilation
- Herausbilden von Gewohnheiten, Schemata
3. Sekundäre Zirkulärreaktionen (4.-8. Monat)
- Entdeckung des Zusammenhangs zwischen eigener Aktivität und Effekt auf die Umwelt („sekundär“)
- Vorformen des intentionalen Handels: Mittel-Zweck-Relationen
- Eine zufällige Handlung hat einen Effekt auf die Umwelt
- Effekt auf die Umwelt steht im Vordergrun
4. Koordination sekundärer Verhaltensschemata (8.-12. Monat)
- Kombination von Schemata, um ein Ziel zu erreichen
- Intelligent aussehende Mittel-Zweck-Verbindungen
- Schemata der Stufe 3 (zufällige Handlung) dienen als Mittel und werden gezielt eingesetzt
5. Tertiäre Zirkulärreaktionen (12.-18. Monat)
- Aktive Variation bekannter Schemata, systematisches Ausprobieren -> Entdecken neuer Mittel
- dominierende Akkomodation
6. Neue Handlungsmuster durch innerliches Vorerproben (18.-24. Monat)
- Antizipation Ergebnisse des eigenen Handelns, Handlung geistig ausführen -> Kognitive Repräsentation
- Charakteristisch: Fähigkeit der Objektpermanenz (Wissen, dass ein Objekt auch existiert, wenn es nicht mehr sichtbar ist)
Why is workplacce key are for prevention:
- Large part of lives
- Central source personal meaning, Influences self esteem, contributes to overall life satisfaction
- Identity-forming function
- Facilitates social contacts
Workplace risks:
- Risks to health, physical wear
- Identity-threatening experiences
- Workplace bullying
- Stress & pressure
- Changing world of work (globalization etc, less physically demanding jobs, rising expectations for employee flexibility/ mobility
Increase sick leave days because of mental health
- 130/140%
- Increasing rates of absenteeism due to mental health conditions (weeks-months)
Psychosocial functions of work:
- Activity & competence
- Structure
- Cooperation & contact
- Social recognition/ status
- Identity
Effort-reward imbalance model (siegrist & dragano, 2008)
- Effort: demands, obligations placed on individual
- Reward: returns expected in form of salary, recognition, career opportunities
- Effort > reward = health issues, chronis stress
Demand-Control Model (Karasek & Theorell, 1990)
Workplace phobia:
Factors that influence risk to mental health issues
- Individual dispositions
- Workplace triggers & contextual factors
- Non-work-related stressors
- Underlying mental or psychosomatic disorders
Forms: work-related anxiety disorder, psychological processese of anxiety development -> workplace phobia
Reinforcemnet-Loss Model (Lewinsohn, 1974)
- Potential reinforcers related dto work, actually available reinforcers, individual skills & competences -> low rate of positive reinfordecement -> reinforment/ maintenance of symptoms
- Social reinforment might help to stop
Signs/ symptoms of work related stress
- Early: irritable, impatient, nervous, sad, overwhelmed, social behavior (withdrawal, instruive, causes conflicts, arrives late)
- Early stage of illness: angry, anxious, very sad, desperate
- Ill: outburst of anger, aggressiveness, severe anxiety/ panic attacks, depressed, suicidal thoughts
Burn-Out ICD-11
- A sense of energy loss/ exhaustion
- Increased mental distance from ones job/ feelings of cynicism to work
- Reduced professional efficiency, diminished sense of achievement
Treatment barriers burn-out
- Common not to seek treatment at an early stages
- Stigmatization of mental illness
- Illness is concealed, help avoided due to fear of further public labelling
Effective strategies for providing support for mentally stressed employees
- Confidential/ anonymous support service
- Less stigmatization
- Awareness not only one affected
- Interventions at workplace (counselling, mental health professional etc)
Pain Definition
unpleasant sensory & emotional experience
typically actual / potential tissue damage
multimodae Reaktion: Verhalten, Emotionen, Biol. Prozesse, Kognitionen
Biopsychosocial circle: biological - social - psychological (downwardsspiral)
Nociception
- Detection of damaging events through specifit sensors & processing in a specialized part of somatosensory system
- Pain is only conscious perception of the sensory impression after cognitive & emotional evaluations from nociceptive system
Placebo & Nocebo Definition
Placebo: positive reasion without active ingredient, triggerd by expectations
Nocebo: negative health changes in response to an agent (unwanted side effects to e.g. palcebo)
Placebo/ Nocebo mechanisms
thorugh classical conditioning
instructions& expectations
social learning
Social Learning Model of Placebo Effects in Pain
- Higher Empathy = stronger placebo effects
- higher social status/ higher self confidence = stronger palcebo effects
- male = stronger nocebo effects
=> cognitive processes are involved
Symbolic Modelin: Higher pain raitings in conditions with painful facial expression
Factors influencing placebo effects:
- expectation
- experience/ treatment history
- price
- model leaming
- type of instruction
- personality
Waht are computational models
explain neuronal activity patterns, using biologically plausible computational models that perform complex cognitive tasks
Exolain behavioral data
Why do we model decision-making processes
- accuracy
- soeed
- latent cognitive processes
- initial bias towas one option
- response cautiousness (speed over accuracy/ vice cersa)
- speef of information processing
- seperate processes from time needed for encoding & motor execution
- link to neural processes
- impaired in clinical populations
DDMs
- Subcategory of Sequential Sampling Models
- Originally developed to describe how parti ipants make rapid decisions between two respone alternatives (yes, no respone) in an item recognition test
- Nowadays apllied to range of different cognitive tasks
Assumptions:
- decision mkaing is a (noise) accumulation of evidence from a stimulus
- evidence accumulates at a constant rate during time it takes to make decision
- decision is made when accumulation process reaches a specific threshold/ boundary
DDM parameters
Reaction time:
- time to detect/ encode stimulus (Te)
- time to reach decision (Td)
- Time to execute motor respone (Tr)
- Te & Tr usually pooled into non-decision time (Ter, griech. T)
Decision time:
- results from accumulation process
- more information is accumulated -> evidence in favour of one respone will push the decision process closer to the boundary
- boundary seperation = alpha
- starting point = beta
- av. rate of evidence accumulation across trials "drift rate" = gamma
MDD
major depressive disorder
Hierarchical Byesian DDM
e.g. Drift rate
use of group-level information to improve subject level estimates
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
(stimulus/ context -> conflict -> risk assessment -> decision -> approach/ avoidance -> expeerience -> deccision/ conflict)
degree of aversiveness/ amount of points influence reaction time
in DDM:
- no correct/ false answers (= no speed-accuracy trade-off)
- prfrence based decision making (speed-consistency trade-off)
DDM + fMRI:
- ROI (Regions of interest)
- pregenual anterior cingulate cortex
- caudate nucelus & ncl. accumbens
- subthalamic ncl.
Computational Phenotyping
Classifier 1: used raw brain activity, reaction times, approach behavior
classifier 2: used DDM paramets & how they changed with brain activity (regressors on neural data)
Main Results – Behavior & DDM parameter
Reduces Reward Sensitivity: MDD participants less sensitive to changes in offered reward
No Group Differences in Aversiveness Sensitivity
Lower Performance: MDD participants earned fewer reward points
Starting Point Bias: Controls: Bias toward approach, MDD: no clear bias / possible lack of optimism bias
Limitations
Promising links found between DDM parameters & clinical symptoms -> need larger samples to confirm robustness
Null findings (e.g. no link between reward sensitivity & anhedonia scale) may reflect insufficient statistical power
Diagnosis used as binary (MDD vs. HC) -> dimensional data could provide richer insights
Study sample was entirely femlae, limiting generalizability
Low retention & remission rates may reflext selection bias (e.g. remitters less likely to return)
only a limited set of brain regions & model variants were tested -> alt. models may explain data better
MDD patients findings
- solve approach-avoidancae conflicts differently, mainly due to dampened reward sensitivity
- Computational paramters
- differentiated MDD from controls
- related to symptom severity
- predicted future outcomes (for 6 months follow ups)
=> findings support promise of computational psychiatry (clarify altered decision-making in affective disorders, identify mechanistic biomarkers, potetnially guide personalized interventiosn)
implications: help tailor treatments, appraoch bridges (behavior, neural mechanisms, clinical outcomes), aligns with findings from animal models (translational value)
Decision-making in Parkinson
- loss dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta -> slower drift rates, higher decision thresholds, increased reaction times
- difficulty in accumulatin enough evidence -> indecisiveness & motor symptoms (e.g. freezing of gait)
- Medication reduces thresholds -> can lead to premature decisions -> explains umpulsivity in PD patients
