SPL - Principles of Flight

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This flashcard set delves into the principles of flight at a university level, focusing on key concepts like drag, lift, and the dynamics of wing design. It explores how factors such as speed, angle of attack, and stability influence flight performance, with a particular emphasis on understanding the forces acting on an aircraft. Pilots, engineers, and aviation enthusiasts will find this set invaluable for grasping the fundamental physics behind flight mechanics and improving their practical flying skills.

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Which design feature can compensate for adverse yaw?

Aileron trim

Wing dihedral

Differential aileron deflection

Full deflection of the aileron

What is the advantage of differential aileron movement?

The ratio of the drag coefficient to lift coefficient is increased

The adverse yaw is higher

The drag of the downwards deflected aileron is lowered and the adverse yaw is smaller

The total lift remains constant during aileron deflection

The aerodynamic rudder balance...

reduces the control stick forces.

reduces the control surfaces.

improves the rudder effectiveness.

delays the stall.

Flying with speeds higher than the never-exceed-speed (vNE) may result in...

reduced drag with increased control forces.

flutter and mechanically damaging the wings.

an increased lift-to-drag ratio and a better glide angle.

too high total pressure resulting in an unusable airspeed indicator.

What describes "wing loading"?

Weight per wing area

Drag per weight

Drag per wing area

Wing area per weight

How is the balance of forces affected during a turn?

The net force results from superposition of gravity and centripetal forces

A lower lift force compensates for a lower net force as compared to level flight

Lift force must be increased to compensate for the sum of centrifugal and gravitational force

The horizontal component of the lift force during a turn is the centrifugal force

With regard to the forces acting, how can stationary gliding be described?

The sum of air forces compensates the gravity force

The sum the air forces acts along with the lift force

The lift force compensates the drag force

The sum of air forces acts along the direction of air flow

Following a single-wing stall and pitch-down moment, how can a spin be prevented?

Rudder opposite lower wing, releasing elevator to build up speed

Pushing the elevator to build up speed to re-attach airflow on wings

Deflect all rudders opposite to lower wing

Pulling the elevator to bring the plane back to normal attitude

Considering longitudinal stability, which C.G. position is most dangerous with a normal gliding plane?

Position beyond the front C.G. limit

Position far back within permissable C.G. limits

Position beyond the rear C.G. limit

Position too far aside permissable C.G. limits.

Bernoulli's equation for frictionless, incompressible gases states that...

total pressure = dynamic pressure + static pressure.

dynamic pressure = total pressure + static pressure.

static pressure = total pressure + dynamic pressure.

total pressure = dynamic pressure - static pressure.

The center of pressure is the theoretical point of origin of...

gravity and aerodynamic forces.

gravity forces of the profile.

only the resulting total drag.

all aerodynamic forces of the profile.

Number 2 in the drawing corresponds to the... See figure (PFA-010)

profile thickness.

chord line.

angle of attack.

chord.

The angle of attack is the angle between...

the chord line and the longitudinal axis of an aeroplane.

the chord line and the oncoming airflow.

the wing and the fuselage of an aeroplane.

the undisturbed airflow and the longitudinal axis of an aeroplane.

The ratio of span and mean chord length is referred to as...

tapering.

trapezium shape.

aspect ratio.

wing sweep.

Which point on the aerofoil is represented by number 4? See figure (PFA-009)

Separation point

Transition point

Center of pressure

Stagnation point

What pressure pattern can be observed at a lift-generating wing profile at positive angle of attack?

High pressure is created above, lower pressure below the profile

Low pressure is created above, higher pressure below the profile

Pressure below remains unchanged, lower pressure is created above the profile

Pressure above remains unchanged, higher pressure is created below the profile

Which statement about the airflow around an aerofoil is correct if the angle of attack increases?

The stagnation point moves down

The center of pressure moves down

The center of pressure moves up

The stagnation point moves up

Which option states a benefit of wing washout?

Greater hardness because the wing can withstand more torsion forces

At high angles of attack the effectiveness of the aileron is retained as long as possible

With the washout the form drag reduces at high speeds

Structurally the wing is made more rigid against rotation

When increasing the airflow speed by a factor of 2 while keeping all other parameters constant, how does the parasite drag change approximately?

It decreases by a factor of 4

It increases by a factor of 2

It increases by a factor of 4

It decreases by a factor of 2

Pressure compensation on a wing occurs at the...

wing tips.

wing roots.

leading edge.

fuselage connections.

Which of the following options is likely to produce large induced drag?

Small aspect ratio

Large aspect ratio

Low lift coefficients

Tapered wings

How do induced drag and parasite drag change with increasing airspeed during a horizontal and stable cruise flight?

Induced drag increases and parasite drag increases

Induced drag decreases and parasite drag increases

Parasite drag decreases and induced drag increases

Parasite drag decreases and induced drag decreases

Which effect does a decreasing airspeed have on the induced drag during a horizontal and stable cruise flight?

The induced drag will slightly decrease

The induced drag will remain constant

The induced drag will increase

The induced drag will collapse

Which kinds of drag contribute to total drag?

Interference drag and parasite drag

Induced drag, form drag, skin-friction drag

Induced drag and parasite drag

Form drag, skin-friction drag, interference drag

How do lift and drag change when approaching a stall condition?

Lift and drag increase

Lift decreases and drag increases

Lift increases and drag decreases

Lift and drag decrease

What leads to a decreased stall speed Vs (IAS)?

Lower density

Higher load factor

Decreasing weight

Lower altitude

What types of boundary layers can be found on an aerofoil?

Laminar layer at the leading wing areas, turbulent boundary layer at the trailing areas

Laminar boundary layer along the complete upper surface with non-separated airflow

Turbulent layer at the leading wing areas, laminar boundary layer at the trailing areas

Turbulent boundary layer along the complete upper surface with separated airflow

What structural item provides lateral stability to an airplane?

Differential aileron deflection

Elevator

Vertical tail

Wing dihedral

Which constructive feature is shown in the figure? See figure (PFA-006) L: Lift

Lateral stability by wing dihedral

Differential aileron deflection

Longitudinal stability by wing dihedral

Directional stability by lift generation

"Longitudinal stability" is referred to as stability around which axis?

Vertical axis

Lateral axis

Longitudinal axis

Propeller axis

Stability around which axis is mainly influenced by the center of gravity's longitudinal position?

Gravity axis

Vertical axis

Longitudinal axis

Lateral axis

Rotation around the vertical axis is called...

yawing.

rolling.

slipping.

pitching.

The critical angle of attack...

decreases with a rear centre of gravity.

increases with a front centre of gravity.

is not changed by different aircraft weights.

is changed by different aircraft weights.

What is the function of the horizontal tail (among other things)?

To stabilise the aeroplane around the longitudinal axis

To initiate a curve around the vertical axis

To stabilise the aeroplane around the lateral axis

To stabilise the aeroplane around the vertical axis

Rudder deflections result in a turn of the aeroplane around the...

longitudinal axis.

rudder axis.

vertical axis.

lateral axis.

What is the advantage of differential aileron movement?

The drag of the downwards deflected aileron is lowered and the adverse yaw is smaller

The total lift remains constant during aileron deflection

The ratio of the drag coefficient to lift coefficient is increased

The adverse yaw is higher

The aerodynamic rudder balance...

improves the rudder effectiveness.

reduces the control surfaces.

reduces the control stick forces.

delays the stall.

What describes "wing loading"?

Drag per weight

Drag per wing area

Wing area per weight

Weight per wing area

Point number 1 in the figure indicates which flight state? See figure (PFA-008)

Best gliding angle

Inverted flight

Slow flight

Stall

What can be said about the load factor (n) and the stall speed (Vs) in a co-ordinated turn?

n is larger than 1, Vs is lower than in straight and level flight.

n is lower than 1, Vs is higher than in straight and level flight.

n is larger than 1, Vs is higher than in straight and level flight.

n is lower than 1, Vs is lower than in straight and level flight.

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SPL - Principles of Flight

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