Sustainable Food Packaging

packaging methods, material and sustainability

packaging methods, material and sustainability


M. B.
This flashcard set helps university-level learners improve their English, focusing on sustainable food packaging. The vocabulary flashcards cover key terms like myoglobin, autoxidation, and permeation, essential for understanding food preservation and packaging materials. The set also includes practical examples of packaging problems and solutions, making it ideal for students and professionals in food science or packaging engineering. With the platform's backward learning feature, users can practice translating both from and into English, enhancing their language skills in a practical context.
Cartes-fiches
144
Utilisateurs
8
Langue
Anglais
Catégorie
Anglais
Niveau
Université
Créé / Mis à jour
16.04.2022 / 11.05.2022

Flashcards

PVC (Polyvinyl chloride)

+low water vapor permeability

+chemical, oil and fat resistant

- environmental debate but in comparison to PP and PE more environmental 

For bowls and cups

PVDC (Polyvinylidene chloride)

+transparent

+ very low permeability to gases water vapor and aromas

- environmental debate

Barrier behavior depends on the relative humidity

Wide application range

PA (Polyamide)

+Good mechanical properties

+chemical resistance

-Barrier behavior depends on the relative humidity

EVOH (Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers

+transparent

+good oxygen barrier

+- middle water vapor barrier but strong dependence on relative humidity

only in composite materials in use

PLA (Polylactic acid)

+biodegradable (compostable)

+crystal clear

+comparable to traditional thermoplastic

-relatively high gas and water vapor permeability

For food packaging with a short shelf life

Natural products (ham in networks, sausages in guts)

+Good design and shape retention

+looks traditional produced

-Hardly product protection

-Risk of friction and pressure losses

Cellulose

+extremely universal due to chemical modification

+good gas barrier

- poor water vapor barrier (hydrophil)

 

mainly from wood

Starch compounds

+good gas barrier

+addition of starch improves biodegradable ability

100% starch polymers are 100% compostable

-poor water vapor barrier (hydrophil)

Used as thermoplastic for bags, coating of paper

PEF (polyethylene furanoate)

+better water vapor and gas barrier than PET

+reduction of material possible

+ good thermoformable 

+good mechanical properties

+100% plant based (maize wheat chicory are recyclable

-non biodegradable

For bottles

PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate)

+industrially

+compostable

+mechanical properties same like PE LD

-poor water vapor and gas barrier

For shrink films and mulch films

PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates)

+high gas barrier

Not transparent

+UV light resistance

-low water barrier

-high costs

-fragile

-limited workability

For containers films and coatings

PBS (polybutylene succinate)

+ hydrophobic (good water vapor barrier)

+biodegradable

+good thermal properties

-poor oxygen barrier but better than PE

Proteins

+good gas barrier

+biodegradable

-Low water vapor barrier

Made from whey protein

Waxes and fats

+high gas and water vapor barrier

-biodegradable

Coating for fruit & vegetables

Which processes in food deterioration are given?

microbiological = aerobe with oxygen and anaerobe without oxygen

chemical / biochemical = fat oxidation, light influence -> oxygen, enzymatic browning -> oxygen

physical = loss of water, uptake of water, off-flavour, loss of flavour

Which wavelength cause problems for highly unsaturated fats and oils?

The visible light for oleic acid and linoleic acid between 300 and 550 nm

What we have to consider if we design a packaging?

  • Gas permeability of the used packaging materials is essential in designing the packaging
  • Storage conditions (temperature, humidity, light) to be considered inpackaging design
  • Seal seam defects have to be avoided
  • Active packaging concepts are promising especially for meat and sausage

Meat packaging Layers pork and chicken ?

and Gas distribution!

Tray = Polypropylen

Lidding film = PET-PE-EVOH-PP -> multilayer

70% oxygen

20% CO2

10 % nitrogen

BOPP (biaxial oriented Polypropylen) has a low water vapor permeation of 0,6 but a high oxygen permeation of 200. We want to design a Snackbag how can we use this material with fitting the oxygen permeation of 1?

We can spray a thin aluminum layer on it with a nanocoating technique. In this case we can reduce the oxygen permeation to 1 and also reduce the impact of light.

How can you calculate the oxygen or water vapor value Q which go through the Barrier

Q = P/d

P = Permeation koeffizient of the given material

d = diameter

In general it depends on the thickness, if we double the tickness of the material we halve the oxygen and water vapor permeation

Preparation Method flat film extrusion?

1. Extruder feeding with plastic granules

2. Feed block and flat film extrusion die (Düse)

3. Chill-Roll for cooling with thinkness controll

4.Winding unit

5. Control System at the end

Preparation Method blow extrusion technique?

1. Extruder filling with granules

2. molding in the Ring nozzle (Düse) then cooling by air or water and

3. Calibration

4. Thickness measurement

5. Flatness unit

6. Baffle (Leitblech)

7. Winding unit

Coextrusion preparation method

Flat or blown film extrusion can be used. Different material types are molten and processed to one film.

Combination Example  (PA/EVOH/PE)

 

Extrusion coating or laminating?

Combination of a prefabricated film with another film (heat sealing film)
Conglutination of the film web(s) with the melt under pressure
 

1. Extruder

2. Pay off reel

3. Radiant ring die prepreparation

4. Lamination

5. Thickness measurement

6. Rewind

Stretching unit?

1 Film processing, film extrusion
2 Film heating treatment
3 Biaxial strechting
4 Annealing or glowing (glühen)
5 Control systems
6 Winder

Increasing the strength, gas barrier, surface quality, transparency and gloss;
 

Boat evaporator for aluminum Steam

- Evaporator for metals (Al) can increase the barrier of a material for Instant a BOPP (Biaxial oriented Polypropylene) with Aluminum reduce the oxygen permeation by the factor 200

1. pre vacuum area with the material (FOr instance BOPP)

2. thickness control

3. high vacuum area with the aluminum evaporater

4. cooling roller

5. winding roller

Thermoforming device

1 Unwinding
2 Film heating treatment with IR
3 Deformation by stamp and / or
compressed air and / or vacuum
4 Filling
5 Cover film winding
6 Sealing / sterilization / vacuum / gasing
7 Stamping

 

1 Abwickeln
2 Folienerwärmung mit IR
3 Verformung durch Stempel und / oder
Druckluft und / oder Vakuum
4 Füllen
5 Aufwickeln der Deckfolie
6 Versiegelung / Sterilisation / Vakuum / Begasung
7 Stempeln

Bag forming, filling and sealing machine

1 Film roll
2 Film guide
3 Hopper (EInfülltrichter)
4 Filling pipe with forming shoulder
5 Off belt
6 Longitudinal sealing
7 Cross seal and punching knives
8 Finished bag

 

Which packaging problems can occur?

• Buckling (Bombage, Ausbeulung) -> improper gassing (to much N2) too high product activity

• Collapse ->  improper/incorrect gassing (to much CO2)
• Mold growth -> incorrect packaging material
• Growth of anaerobes -> too dense packaging, nonsterility
• Gray flesh color -> Permeability is too low / too high (fresh meat)

What´s the better choice buying the packed or the unpacked cucumber?

It depends because we have a high consumption in Germany in this case we buy all cucumbers before they rotten.

In general, it is more sustainable if we pack it because we have a lower food waste due to increase the shelf life. PE shrink film monolayer. But if we have a paper on top then it detected as a mixed layer and it will burn and not recyle in the PE stream.

Which permeation analytics you know?

Gravimetric method, Electrolysis method and oxygen sensors

Mechanical Testing measure Methods?

Tensile strength Zugfestigkeit

ultimate elongation Bruchdehnung

Slide friction Reibung beim gleiten

E-modul,

Bending test, Biegetest

Adhesion Haftung

Seal strength Festigkeit der Dichtung

Thightness of packaging measure?

Rhodamin test,

vacuum chamber

headspace gas analysis

and the helium leak detection device

How to identify packaging materials?

With the differential scanning calorimetry (measure the amount of heat release by heating and cooling.) + infrared Spectroscopy in combination with an microscope

Nuts or Snack packaging ? What we can use for materials?

what is the storage time?

ingredients? fat and oil (unsaturated) -> fat autoxidation -> rancidity

What to do? prevent the crisps from oxygen, water barrier to pretend the crispy and a light barrier.

Here we have the task to combine different materials with different properties to a multilayer

Cobine BOPP with aluminum coextrusion to guarantee the oxygen, water vapor and light barrier.

Otherwise we can cobine PET for Printing + EVOH for oxygen barrier + PP for water vapor Barrier

 

Oxygen Barrier Measurement?

With a Oxygen Sensor

1. First, a carrier gas is injected after that the gas go trough a

2. Humidificator

3. then trough a catalyzer

4. Into a Measureing cell and through a cappilar into the packaging

5. on the other side of the packaging is an electrochemical sensor cell

 

Water vapor analysis?

Carrier gas is fed into a chamber via a dry filter cartridge.

The chamber is separated by the sample material.

One side has 0 % humidity and on the other side we have 85 % room humidity.

An electrolysis cell is connected to the chamber outlet and evaluates the data.

Rhodamin test

The Contrast medium visualize pores optical

con : destroying test

pores >30 micrometer

Vaccum chamber

pro: localisation of defects with vaccum and water -> occuring bubbles by pores 

con: packaging is getting wet

measurement range pores >15 micrometer

Headspace gas analysis -> Detection of O2 and CO2

pro: it is a fast measurement and results can be statistical visualized

good measurement range from 0 till 100 %

cons:

The required time interval between filling
and measurement depends on the size of the hollow spaces

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