Physiology and Anatomy II

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This flashcard set delves into advanced topics of human physiology and anatomy, tailored for university-level students. It covers key concepts like the structure and function of the nervous system, including nerves, neurons, and reflex arcs, as well as the endocrine system with a focus on hormones and glands like the thyroid. The set also explores the anatomy of the eye, ear, and other sensory organs, detailing their components and functions. Additionally, it discusses the brain's structure, including the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia, and their roles in regulating various bodily functions. This comprehensive collection is ideal for medical and biology students seeking to deepen their understanding of the human body's intricate systems.

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163

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Sprache

Englisch

Kategorie

Biologie

Stufe

Universität

Erstellt / Aktualisiert

04.08.2021 / 13.08.2021

Ähnliche Karteien

Connection between lateral and third ventricle of ventricular system

Interventricular foramen

Steps at signal transmission in synaptic cleft

1. AP comes to presynaptic terminal
2. Depolarization opens Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ flows into cell
3. Ca2+ triggers neurotransmitter realese from vesicles
4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors of postsynaptic membrane
5. Opening of ion channels, flow of ions into postsynaptic terminal
6. AP propagates through next cell
7. Neurotransmitter is inactivated/ transported back into presynaptic terminal

Where are the bile salts absorbed to be recyled later?

in the terminal ileum

--> enterohepatic circulation

Major cations and anions in body fluids

Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+

Cl-, PO4-, HCO3-, proteins

Spinal plexuses & body regions they supply (sensory and motor)

Cervical plexus
--> s: neck, shoulder, m: hyoid muscle, diaphragma
Brachial plexus
--> s: shoulder, upper limbs, m: shoulder girdle, upper limbs
Lumbar plexus
--> s: skin of abdomen, genital region, anterior+lateral thigh, medial leg+foot, m: muscle of hip, quadriceps femoris
Sacral plexus
--> s: skin of posterior genital region, lower limbs, m: muscles of pelvic floor, muscles of lower extremities
Coccygeal plexus

Structures inside one turn of the cochlea (3)

Scala vestibuli (perilymph)
Cochlear duct (endolymph)
Scala tympani (perilymph)

Names for nearsightedness and farsightedness

n: myopia
f: hyperopia

Parts of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)

Pharynx is connected to the tympanic cavity of the middle ear through the Eustachian tube

Connection between small and large intestine

ileocecal sphincter

Maximal volume of gallbladder

30-60 ml, up to 450 ml possible

Functions of hypothalamus

- regulates body temperature
- manages water balance
- controls food intake
- governs emotional life
- regulates autonomic nervous system

Different receptors of sympathetic NS + functions

Alpha-receptors: stimulatory effects

Beta-receptors: inhibitory effects

Functions of autonomic nervous system

- maintaining a constant internal milieu (homeostasis)
- regulation of organic functioning in response to environmental demands

Hormones of the neurohypophysis

- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin)
- Oxytocin

Parts of esophagus

- cervical
- thoracic
- abdominal

Locations of constrictions of the ureter

- ureteropelvic junction
- point where ureter crosses the common iliac vessels
- bladder wall

Layers of stomach

- mucosa
- oblique
- circular
- longitudinal

(von innen nach aussen)

Sensorimotor vs. proprioceptor reflexes

Sensorimotor: receptor and reflexes are located in different organs

Proprioceptor: receptor and reflexes are located in the same organ

4 types of alimentary tract glands

- single cell mucous glands
- pits
- deep tubular glands (stomach, upper duodenum)
- complex glands (salivary glands, pancreas, liver)

White matter of cerebellum

arbor vitae

Secondary sex organs & principal functions

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

- vagina
- external genitalia
- uterine tube
- uterus
- mammary glands

functions: fertilization of ovum, implantation, development of embryo, parturition

Average intraocular pressure

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

12-20 mm Hg

Nuclei of cranial nerves in pons

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

V, VI, VII

Components of ANS

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
Enteric plexus

Important structural difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

Sympathetic nerve fibers pass through the sympathetic chain and then to organs

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are in the organs itself

Enlargements of spinal cord

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

Cervical enlargement

Lumbosacral enlargement

Hormones of the placenta

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

- human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) --> present until week 6, suppresses follicle maturation, maintains production of estrogen and progesterone in corpus luteum

- human placental lactogen (hPL) --> stimulates mammary enlargement and lactogenesis

- estrogens
- progesteron

Types of hormones

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

- Releasing hormones (RH)
- Inhibiting hormones (IH, -statin)
- Glandotrope hormones (-tropin)
- Somatotrope/effector hormones

Function of renin

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

thirst reflex

Procedures to determine GFR

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

- inulin clearance
- creatine clearance

Protection of CNS by

- bony encasement
- meninges
- cerebrospinal fluid

Hormone of the pineal gland

Melatonin

Phases of gastric juice secretion

Chepalic (reflex), local (gastric) & intestinal phase

Compostition of bile

bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol

Types of receptors

Chemoreceptors (chemical compounds)
Thermoreceptors (temperature)
Nocireceptors (pain)
Mechanoreceptors (compression/stretching)
Electromagnetc receptors (light)

Hormone of the parathyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone

Effects of CKK on gallbladder

- gallbladder contraction
- relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

Three spaces of the eye

Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous body

Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism: thyroid tumor of diffuse struma --> overproduction of thyroid hormones, independent of TSH

Hypothyroidism: to much TSH --> thyroid enlargement (goiter) --> thyroid hormone defficiency --> low metabolism

Amount of sensory cells in a taste bud

50-100

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Lernkarten

Sensorimotor vs. proprioceptor reflexes

Sensorimotor: receptor and reflexes are located in different organs

Proprioceptor: receptor and reflexes are located in the same organ

4 types of alimentary tract glands

- single cell mucous glands
- pits
- deep tubular glands (stomach, upper duodenum)
- complex glands (salivary glands, pancreas, liver)

White matter of cerebellum

arbor vitae

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Physiology and Anatomy II

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