cockpittechnologie
Tu Dresden cockpittechnologie 2021
Tu Dresden cockpittechnologie 2021
MCC part communication
tool to synchronize actions and distribute responsibilities
target
- same knowlade of flight
- relevant information must be exchaged
- clear, structureed language, precisely
Incapacity check
Standard Operating Procedures - SOPs / wichtig
target (component of the MCC): Undoubted, safe and efficient work processes in the cockpit even in abnormal situations. Permanent guarantee of situational awareness
Pre-Flight Briefing inhalt
MCDU what can be put in INIT A page
From / to -> start lande fluzghafen
co mpanie routee
FLT NBR - flight number
CRZ FL -> cruising hreight / temperature
MCDU what can be put in INIT B page
Input fuel data (INIT B page):
−Zero Fuel Weight/CG
−block fuel
−Characteristic speeds displayed on MCDU are based on the ZFW entered by the crew
−Unit: [t] or [min]
MCDU what can be put in Performance page
−inputtakeoffdata(PERF TAKEOFF page)
−V1, VR, V2
−climb, cruise, descent, speedpreselection
−couplingtoPFD
MCDU Flight plan
beim taxi überprüfen der steuerflächen, wo wird dieses angezeigt
SD -> F/CTL
Wieviel speed fliegen wir, was bedeutet NAV
Econ speed -> speed abhängig vom cost index
NAV: consequences of the flight plan
MCDU during cruise phase, what is diusplayed
wie erkenne ich im flugdisplay, dass ich in den managed mode wechsle
es erscheint HDG statt NAV
-> zeiten und verbrauch werden auf der MCDU falsch angezeigt
RNV und RNP was bedeuten deren 1km und 10km
navigation RAW vs FM data
Raw: simple location by relative position to a beacon with automatically or manually selected frequency
FM: Self-location: Information is generated internally (by relative position to a beacon from AIRAC database, GPS, inertial navigation system...) (FM - FLight Managment)
Navigation what is the total error
PSE = pilot error
How to cross check navigation accuracy - wichtig
definition and meaning of CI - Cost index - wichtig
CT - Zeitkosten Crew, verspätung
dT - zeit
Cc - fix kosten
CF - Cost Fuel
CI - kg/min
dF - amount of fuel
CI-> klein wert -> der stellenwert des C_fuel ist sehr hoch
CI-> großer wert -> stellenwert für C_time ist sehr hoch
Reason for fixed coste -> diagram of fuel cost, fixed cost, time cost
was bedeuten diese zahlen
what require in the cockpit additionally
(FCOM
Check lists
Briefing )
Where are the cockpit regulation written
EASA CS-25 e.g. Subpart C: Control Surface and System Loads
what are important factors concerning duality
No/minimise excessive concentration or fatigue
controlled equally safely by the seating positions of both pilots
each pilot has a sufficiently clear view + minimum change in view (head movement)
other seats must be installed so make tasks effectively and without negative influence
what are important regularization besides duality
avoid misunderstandings, while allow mutual control of both pilots
priority: frequently observed information is displayed in the center
redundancy: more important information are displayed multipolar times
instrument arrangement EASA CS-25
Overhead panel, how are the buttons&switches organized
More often used buttons in a general flight are in the front, less often are far back.
For example lights ins the front
turbines kill switch far in the back
far back are fused
Historical development of the cockpit
the growing number of instruments and their information still needed to be presented in a manageable way
instrument diversity has given way to a few highly integrated cockpit displays (The right information at the right time) -> Development of so-called information hierarchies
complex systems required new forms of presentation over conventional clock instruments: Graphics and colour play a decisive role -> the equipment industry (Honeywell, Aerospatiale, Sextant, Diehl) are entering fierce competition
manufacturers e.g. Boeing and Airbus compete in display and operating concept
Two-pilot-cockpit:
Captain + First Office
Three-pilot-cockpit:
Two-pilot-cockpit +Flight engineer
Five-pilot-cockpit
Captain + First Office + Flight engineer
Three-pilot-cockpit + Navigator + Radio Operator
six-pilot-cockpit
Captain + First Office + Flight engineer
Three-pilot-cockpit + Navigator + Radio Operator + Second flight engineer
since when two pilto cockpit
80s with B767 und A310
Function and visibility of all panels
captain's (CAPT) and First Officer (F/O) panels are readily visible on the respective seating positions -> installation of the most important display systems
central panel of CAPT and F/O readily visible ->installation of simple designed or back-up display systems
central pedestal easily accessible for CAPT and F/O, but less visible _>installation of controls devices
overhead panel for CAPT and F/O equally well/badly accessible ->installation of control devices that are less relevant or rare to operate during standard flights
light-/glareshield-panel are readily visible and can be easily used from any pilot's seat ->installation of frequently used control devices and displays-
engineers, navigators and radio panel are equipped with controls devices and displays depending on the cockpit type (three to six-pilot-cockpit), which are not necessarily needed by the pilots
What is EIS
EIS (Electronic Instrument System with 6-8 CRT consisting of
ECAM (Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring) and
EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System) and
important instruments as a mechanical back-up
What is ECAM
Electronic centralised aircraft monitoAn electronic centralised aircraft monitoring (ECAM) is a system that monitors aircraft functions and relays them to the pilots. It also produces messages detailing failures and in certain cases, lists procedures to undertake to correct the problem.r
What is EFIS
An electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) is a flight deck instrument display system that displays flight data electronically rather than electromechanically.
primary flight display (PFD),
multi-function display (MFD),
engine indicating and crew alerting system (EICAS)
. Early EFIS models used cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, but liquid crystal displays (LCD) are now more common. The complex electromechanical attitude director indicator (ADI) and horizontal situation indicator (HSI) were the first candidates for replacement by EFIS. Now, however, few flight deck instruments cannot be replaced by an electronic display.
What is a family concept and its results
concept:
- design of a basic type
- extension/shortening of the fuselage while retainingthe wing unit, landing gear, engines, avionics, cockpit design, etc.
result:
-different ranges and capacities of the aircraft
-savings on high development and approval costs
-simplified maintenance and spare parts provision, as often identical in construction
Draw a payload - range diagram including a bigger and smaller family model
What is the advantage of the cockpit commonality of family concepts
What are the three major functions of sensor systems
Communication
Navigation
Surveillance
Name four communications systems
VHF
HF
ELT
SATCOM
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Lernkarten
MCC human factor
application of humanities sciences
- reduce disruptive factors which limit the physical, mental and spiritual actions and reactions
- task and user friendy design of cockpit
- messure and check load on crew after changes in cockpit
MCC Crew Resource Management
definition and basic principle
definition:
serves the maximum use of the resources available in the cockpit
objective: to ensure safe and efficient flight operations
CRM working principles: assigning responsibilities
- non standard situation assessed by pilot on command and then reorganisationb of responsiblities
- aim no over or underload of crew member
MCC Crew Resource Management HF -SHEL
MCC Crew Resource Management components
- mutual support and cross-monitoring
- task delegation
- communication
- division of labour
- briefings
Multi Crew Coordination Concept Targets
clear division of tasks between PF and PNF (Pilot flying / Pilot not flying)
organised teamwork and mutual information
mutual monitoring and support in normal and abnormal situations
PIC (pilot in command) führt entscheidungen durch, jedoch nicht lone warrior
Multi Crew Coordination Concept elements
MCC components (wichtig)
operations
standard operation procedures
klare tätigkeitsbeschreibung zwischen PNF / PF
communication
vereinfachte
standardisierte
checklisten
briefings
surveilance
überwachung des luftfahrzeuges
luftraum
gegenseitige überwachung
Rules for pilot flying (PF) and pilot non flying (PNF) responsibilities:
if switches or levers, etc. are only accessible by one crew member, this crew member must control them
if switches are accessible for both crew members, then crew member without flight guidance task (PNF) is responsible for operation
operation according to standardized procedures: standard operation procedures (SOP)
Definition of the Standard operating procedures
action routines for standard tasks
determination: Who does what at which time?
SOP are airline and/or a/c manufacturer specific
Tasks of the PF -pilot flying:
control of the a/c
preparation for different flight phases
compliance with air traffic control (ATC) clearances
airspace observation
request checklists
leading the briefings
-> Is primarily concerned with flying
Tasks of the PNF –pilot non flying
supports PF
execution of ATC
setting the NAV-AIDS
monitoring of PF flight guidance
reading the checklists
airspace observation
-> concentrates on observation and communication
Tasks of PIC -pilotin command
usually pilot with the most experience
coordination of cooperation
maintaining the overview of the entire system
equal distribution of the workload
set priorities and make final decisions in critical situations after a joint meeting
perform tasks consciously and carefully
Tasks of FO –firstofficer
cooperative cross-monitoring
statement in case of existing doubts
provide partner with information
accept delegated tasks
perform tasks consciously and carefully
MCC part communication
tool to synchronize actions and distribute responsibilities
target
- same knowlade of flight
- relevant information must be exchaged
- clear, structureed language, precisely
Incapacity check
Standard Operating Procedures - SOPs / wichtig
target (component of the MCC): Undoubted, safe and efficient work processes in the cockpit even in abnormal situations. Permanent guarantee of situational awareness
Pre-Flight Briefing inhalt
MCDU what can be put in INIT A page
From / to -> start lande fluzghafen
co mpanie routee
FLT NBR - flight number
CRZ FL -> cruising hreight / temperature
MCDU what can be put in INIT B page
Input fuel data (INIT B page):
−Zero Fuel Weight/CG
−block fuel
−Characteristic speeds displayed on MCDU are based on the ZFW entered by the crew
−Unit: [t] or [min]
MCDU what can be put in Performance page
−inputtakeoffdata(PERF TAKEOFF page)
−V1, VR, V2
−climb, cruise, descent, speedpreselection
−couplingtoPFD
MCDU Flight plan
beim taxi überprüfen der steuerflächen, wo wird dieses angezeigt
SD -> F/CTL
Wieviel speed fliegen wir, was bedeutet NAV
Econ speed -> speed abhängig vom cost index
NAV: consequences of the flight plan
MCDU during cruise phase, what is diusplayed
wie erkenne ich im flugdisplay, dass ich in den managed mode wechsle
es erscheint HDG statt NAV
-> zeiten und verbrauch werden auf der MCDU falsch angezeigt
RNV und RNP was bedeuten deren 1km und 10km
navigation RAW vs FM data
Raw: simple location by relative position to a beacon with automatically or manually selected frequency
FM: Self-location: Information is generated internally (by relative position to a beacon from AIRAC database, GPS, inertial navigation system...) (FM - FLight Managment)
Navigation what is the total error
PSE = pilot error
How to cross check navigation accuracy - wichtig
definition and meaning of CI - Cost index - wichtig
CT - Zeitkosten Crew, verspätung
dT - zeit
Cc - fix kosten
CF - Cost Fuel
CI - kg/min
dF - amount of fuel
CI-> klein wert -> der stellenwert des C_fuel ist sehr hoch
CI-> großer wert -> stellenwert für C_time ist sehr hoch
Reason for fixed coste -> diagram of fuel cost, fixed cost, time cost
was bedeuten diese zahlen
what require in the cockpit additionally
(FCOM
Check lists
Briefing )
