Marketing & Social Media
FHNW- BITMr. Flad
FHNW- BITMr. Flad
In contrast to web 1.0, the core principles of web 2.0 are based on… (mark all correct answers)
- Artificial intelligence and analytics
- Client-server networks
- Neural networks and machine learning
- The creation and sharing of content by peers
- The externalization of content
In contrast to web 1.0, the core principles of web 2.0 are based on… (mark all correct answers)
- Artificial intelligence and analytics (false)
- Client-server networks (false)
- Neural networks and machine learning (false)
- The creation and sharing of content by peers
- The externalization of content (false)
Media richness (MR): mark all correct answers
- MR is the amount of information a medium can transmit at a given time
- Media with higher richness reduce uncertainty and ambiguity in communication
- The richest way of communication is face-to-face
- A phone conference is a richer medium than a virtual world
- Wikipedia is a richer medium than YouTube
Media richness (MR): mark all correct answers
- MR is the amount of information a medium can transmit at a given time
- Media with higher richness reduce uncertainty and ambiguity in communication
- The richest way of communication is face-to-face
- A phone conference is a richer medium than a virtual world (false)
- Wikipedia is a richer medium than YouTube (false)
Social presence and self-disclosure /self-presentation Mark the best answers
- Synchronous communication has a higher social presence than asynchronous forms
- Social presence is influenced by the capacity of a medium to provide intimacy and closeness
- Levels of self-disclosure are higher in Wikipedia than in LinkedIn
- A medium with high self-disclosure helps fostering employee engagement.
Social presence and self-disclosure /self-presentation Mark the best ansers
- Synchronous communication has a higher social presence than asynchronous forms
- Social presence is influenced by the capacity of a medium to provide intimacy and closeness
- Levels of self-disclosure are higher in Wikipedia than in LinkedIn (false)
- A medium with high self-disclosure helps to foster employee engagement.
What does the newsfeed algorithm of facebook do?
The newsfeed algorithm goes over the steps of a user and tries to classify it into different categories to provide strong KPIs to make prediction or improve the reach.
Interest in user - how often user interact with the sender/clicks on recent posts
+
Post - how interesting was this to other users/friends? (comments, likes, clicks)
+
Creator - how interesting is content form this creator in general?
+
Type - image? Video? Link? Plain text?
+
Timing- is the content new?
Why is the newsfeed algorithm useful for facebook? What was the initial urge to create this algorithm?
Content on facebook has been increasing. The algorithm filters corporate pages
Why? the value of a FB fan?
2/3 of fans are likely to share good brand experiences and share promotions and discounts with their Facebook friends. 2/3 of fans are likely to share a bad brand experience.
What type of advertising does facebook have? What are the benefits?
- News Feed
- Mimics regular postings
- Large image/video + text
- Right column Ad
- Not as effective as news feed ad
- Not available for mobile advertising
What is the benefit of stating the location in a targeted post on facebook?
You also have another layer of location targeting, allowing to be even more specific:
- Everyone in this location (the default targeting option)
- The last updated location of an actual Facebook user
- People who live in this location
- Location is set by the location on a user’s Facebook profile and confirmed by their IP address.
- People recently in this location
- Tracked by mobile device usage in the geographic area you intend to target.
- People traveling to this location
- Users who had this geographic area as a recent location that’s at least 100 miles away from their home location
What to do and what do avoid when using social media campaigns??
Do:
- Do not delete messages/ comments
- Apologise in an authentic manner
- Take critique seriously
- Engage the most prominent/ vocal critics
- Remain calm , every storm moves on
- React to date
Don't:
- Do not listen (united airlines)
- Do not react (dell)
- Work with unauthentic messages (NYPD)
- Use wrong medium (NYPD)
- E.g. musicians produce youtube song about company fail. 18'500'000 vies withing 4 days stock price decreased by 10 % since the company did not react in time to this video.
- Think about what could go wrong with a campaign before you launch it.
- E.g NYPD launched a campaign and expected happy pictures with the police with "do you have a photo w/ a member of the NYPD? Tweet us & tag it . Result was a flood of pictures with officers mistreating people, and cynical comments. 70000 people tweeted aout police brutality and comments postet at a rate of 10'000 an hour. Bad response. Image was more damaged thatn ever.
What is there to understand about the social media usage and users contes?
- Demographic: : Twitter users young/urban; no "social obedience" ▪
- Medium: no control "Tweets are like roaches". Most content is negative, funny or sarcastic.
- Brand: already negative sentiment => avoid a hashtag campaign.
- Alternatives
- Feel-good user generated photos through a contest on Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest
- Use Twitter:
- Upcoming events with positive/ neutral PR surrounding; for monitoring not for campaigning
- Nevertheless: More people are following @NYPDNews
How is social media used in global corporate?
Two-thirds of companies said they are either currently using social media channels or have social media plans in the works
But:
- Focus: social media as a one-way promotional channel,
- Lack of use media to analyse conversations and turn it into insights
- 75% did not know where their most valuable customers task about them
- 31% do not measure effectiveness of social media
- 7% of participating companies integrate social media into their marketing
What are social media approaches and principles of engagement?
Social media: approaches and principles of successful engagement (synthesis)
- Take social media seriously, feel the “pulse” (Dell)
- Know your audience and your media (NYPD)
- Align social media with corporate “reality” / with reality of products and services
- Interact with other influential individuals/ brands to maximise your reach
- Consider the timing of your engagement
- Dialogue and not content is king
- Let others talk for you (customers, employees, partners etc):
- Don`t sell – give (entertainment, information, education,…)
- 80/20 rule of thumb (non-promotional vs. promotional content)
Successful approaches
- Constantly monitor the social media environment. In case of "turbulences" react immediately, honestly, and sensitively
When do you tweet?
Most brands tweet during the work week. Peak is on Thursdays and in general between 9AM to 6PM. But peak times vary with industry, location, and audience demographics.
The most retweets happen on Sundays. And in general more at night (EST)
What are non-promotional dialogues?
Non-promotional dialogues:
- Get personal (occasionally) Dell
- Incorporate users or employees as your brand messengers
- Link social media messages to real world / events (Oreo, Obermutten)
- Transmit corporate and consumer values (Dove, Apple, Under Armour)
- Do the unexpected (outrageous /funny / provocative (Abarth, Blendtec, Burger King)
How can you transmit corporate and consumer values platforms without apparent self-serving purposes?
- Unilever’s Dove Campaign for Real Beauty’’
- Bring together like-minded people who wish to enhance girls’ and women’s self-esteem by helping to establish realistic standards of beauty
- Mix of media/activities: advertisements, video, workshops, sleepover events and the publication of a book, the production of a play and a digital platform, viral videos.
Automotive – practice case
Assignment: Your task is to develop an outline for a marketing campaign in which you try to engage the target populations as much as possible. You can use social media, viral marketing approaches, on site events/activities etc. In planning the campaign, you develop a first outline which describes the key elements of the campaign including channels, events etc.
Case: Company background You work as a marketer in a large and globally operating automotive manufacturer with European roots. The company has a global market share with a focus on US, Europe and Asian markets. You and your team are in charge of the US market. Your particular task is to develop a sketch for a campaign for a new electric car to be launched in the US market. The is priced between 25’000-35’000 USD. The image that you and your team want to bestow to the new care is a small, stylish/hip, and environmentally friendly city car for urban populations. One of the main customer segments for this market are millennials, who are relatively young and culturally diverse.
Contact influencers personality to promote the car & start a social media (twitter, Instagram(fb)) marketing campaign
Maybe guarantee something to be done for the environment when you buy the car. Like planting a tree
Influencer. Ping them, make a proposal, define expectations, name a price and make a contract. They need to interact with the product.
What do you need to Track & monitor in social media?
- Awareness
- Brand awareness e.g. followers
- Engagement
- Brand engagement (e.g. twitter analytics - comments)
- Website traffic from social media (google analytics)
- Word of mouth
What do swiss companies monitor on social media?
- Likes, follower 71%
- Visitors 68%
- Number of social media reports 59%
- Dialogue 16%
- Requests, rutnover 17%
- Image 14%
- Topic leadership 13%
- Satisfaction, recommendations 11%
How do you implement a systematic approach to social media?
Digital acceleration team (DAT)
3 core disciplines:
- Listening
- Engaging
- Inspiring & Transforming
Listening and engaging: focus on trouble spotting:
- Taping on online conversation and interactions as and when they happen.
- Trouble spotting: high number of comments,”
- Marking negative issues: «If there is a negative issue emerging, it turns red.”
- Alters to trigger engagement, i.e., a real-time online response from a team member.“
DAT team: combining social media with corporate training
- Digital leadership training
- 12 members per class train for 8 months
- Three different areas:
- Community management for top global brands.
- Small internal projects, where we would make our capacity for business units and functions, e.g. mobile solutions in emerging markets
- Intense training and through leadership
What are key questions and key content of Social Media?
- Foundations /characteristics of social media and social networks, nodes etc.)
- What makes networks and social media powerful?
- Networks in organisations
- Social media and underlying concepts/classifications)
- Social media goal setting/ approaches / building blocks
- Audience, channels and successful customer engagement principles
- Frequent mistakes - and approaches and principles of successful engagement
- Social media tracking / monitoring
How would you define marketing?
"Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers."
"Marketing is the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return"
"Marketing is the process of planning and execution the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives."
What are the goals of marketing?
"marketing is to find out what people like and do more of it. Marketing is to find out what people don't like and do less of it."
Why do we need marketing?
The Consumer needs something and the suppliers provides goods and services- so marketing gives the information of the supplier to the consumer and the consumer gives money to the supplier.
Old times the consumers needs were only provided by one supplier. It was a simple decision making. The supplier market decided (shortage society) Today it is different, consumer demand marked (affluent society) consumers have multiple suppliers to choose from and make a complex decision about goods and services and where to buy it.
What is the principal of reward? Which rewards exist for the market partners?
Consumer: convenience fllfilled, happy, phychological relieve, accessability
Supplier: Revenue provitability, new customer, loyalty, dominance in area
What is the principal of capacity? Which resources do the market partners need?
Consumers: space, capital, human resource
Supplier: human resource, capital, suppliers, good decision making, smart invesments
What was the marketing evolution from the 1950ies to 2000s?
1950 Production orientation (sellers market) produce as much as you can
1960 Sales orientation (increasing competition, saturation) sell as much as you can
1970 Marketing orientation (buyers market) produce what you can sell
1980 Competitive orientation. How do we differentiate ourselves from competition?
1990 Environmental orientation , how do we recognize relevant trends and react effectively?
2000 Network orientation, how do we interact in networks and with customers and other market partners?
What are factors impacting marketing?
- Customer collaboarion and influence
- Growth of channel and device choices
- Social media
- Roi accountability
- Decreasing brand loyalty
- Data explosion
- Shifting consumer demographics
- Regulatory considerations
- Growth market oppotunities
- Financial constraints
- Corporate transparency
- Privacy considerations
- Global outsourcing
Sorte the factors that impact marketing by impact.
- Privacy considerations
- Shifting consumer demographics
- Social media
- Roi accountability
- Corporate transparency
- Global outsourcing
- Customer collaboarion and influence
- Regulatory considerations
- Data explosion
- Growth of channel and device choices
- Decreasing brand loyalty
- Growth market oppotunities
- Financial constraints
- 67% Customer collaboarion and influence
- 61% Growth of channel and device choices
- 57% Social media
- 45% ROI accountability
- 42% Decreasing brand loyalty
- 39% Data explosion
- 37% Shifting consumer demographics
- 33% Regulatory considerations
- 31% Growth market oppotunities
- 30% Financial constraints
- 21% Corporate transparency
- 10% Privacy considerations
- 9% Global outsourcing
Identifiy unerlying needs of tesla in the upside down maslow pyramid.
Self actualization, esteem, social, safety, transportation
What is market oriented management
It takes customer orientation plus competitor orientation and equals the building up, extensions and conservation of competitive advantages of a corporation. Marketing is market-oriented and market-driven business management and decision making.
Draft a marketplace and customer needs and the role of marketing
What is marketing as a dual management concept ?
Compare the old view of organizations to the new way of organisations
What is a seamless hospitality organization drawing?
What is maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Define: Need, Want and Demand
Need- a state of feld deprivation of some basic satisfaction e.g. food, clothing ,safety, belonging. Needs Are states of feld deprivation
want- desire for specific satisfiers of these needs. E.g.g burger, mercedes benz, and LV Bag etc. different for different socio-cultural structures. Wants Are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality.
demand- wants backed by ability and willingness to buy. E.g. * of people who want a Merc and can buy it. Demands Are human wants that are backed by buying power
What are Market offerings and marketing myopia?
Market offerings are some combination of products, services, information, or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or want.
Marketing myopia is focusing only on existing wants and losing sight of unerlying consumer needs.
What does marketing actions try to create?
Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return. Marketing actions try to create, maintain, and grow desirable exchange relationships.
What is a market?
A market is set of actual and potential buyers. Consumers market when they: - search for products.
- interact with companies to obtain information
Make purchases
What questions do you need to ask when designing a customer value -driven marketing strategy?
Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and builing profitable realtionships with them.
- what customers will we serve (target market)?
How can we best serve these customers (value proposition)?
A brand's value proposition is the set of benefits or values it promises to deliver to customers to satisfy theri needs.
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Lernkarten
Sketch the communication model of Berlo
- Source
- Communication skills
- Attitudes
- Knowledge
- Social system
- Culture
- Message
- Content
- Elements
- Treatment
- Structure
- Code
- Channel
- Hearing
- Seeing
- Touching
- Smelling
- Tasting
- Receiver
- Communication skills
- Attitudes
- Knowledge
- Social system
- Culture
What are communication objectives?
- awareness objectives, which bring goods and services, products and brands into the consumers’ “latent set”, meaning general awareness
- acceptability objectives, which bring goods and services, products and brands into the consumers’ accepted short-list (“evoke set”) for a use, purpose or a usage category
- profiling objectives, which positively differentiate goods and services, products and brands from competing offers.
What does the response hierarchy of models look like?
What are possible advertising objectives?
- Informative advertising
- Communicating customer value
- Building a brand and company image
- Telling the market about a new product
- Explaining how a product works
- Suggesting new uses for a product
- Informing the market of a price change
- Describing available services and support
- Correcting false impressions
- Persuasive advertising
- Building brand preference
- Encouraging switching to a brand
- Changing customer perceptions of product value
- Persuading customers to purchase now
- Creating customer engagement
- Building brand community
- Reminder advertising
- Maintaining customer relationships
- Reminding consumers that the product may be needed in the near future
- Reminding consumers where to buy the product
- Keeping the brand in a customer's mind during off-seasons
What are components of the marketing communication mix?
How much does Swiss Media spend on advertising?
- 34% Online (2100 Mio.)
- 18% Presse (1117 Mio.)
- 15% Direct marketing (984 Mio.)
- 12% TV (774 Mio.)
- 11% advertising gadgets (706 Mio.)
- 7% Event sponsoring - live sponsoring , billboards, posters (452 Mio.)
- 2% radio (151 Mio)
- 1% paper info (75 Mio.)
What is Converged Media?
What three kind of media is there?
- Earned Media
- WOM, Buzz, Foren, External Blogs etc.
- High credibility and low control
- Owned Media
- Website, Blog, Twitter, Facebook, catalogs, flyers, billboards
- Medium credibility and medium control
- Paid Media
- Advertising & Co
- Low Credibility and High control
What are consequences of information overload?
There is an average information overlaod of 98%
Average ad to be read takes 40 to 45 seconds - time spent 2 secons.
people can not process that much information and feel overwhelmed by it. Result is distancing
What are goals of integrated communication?
Uniform appearance and greater acceptance
- Synergies in the use of different communication tools
- Increase motivation and identification of employees
- Improved targeting
- Compliance of internal and external views
- Competitive differentiation
- Greater control
- Reduction of "Information Overload"
- Realization of cost reduction potentials
What are the benefits of integrated communication and what are the trends?
Trends which underline the growing importance of integrated communication
- Progressive saturation of markets and harmonization of products. Instead in a product competitive market companies are rather in a communication competition today. Advertising investments rise.
- Advantages
- Communicative differentiation in the market
- Synergy effects in case of use of various instruments
- Increasing number of channels, media and communication tools.
- Advantages
- Increased efficiency through coordination of the various measures
- Information overload and overstimulation among consumers. Advertising is the longer the more not perceived and customers are less aware.
- Advantages
- Higher credibility of advertising
- Faster and simpler perception of the messages among the target group
- Higher acceptance among the target group as a result of a uniform appearance.
What is instrumental integration in Marketing communication?
New marketing communications model
- More targeted, social, and engaging
Integrated marketing communications
- Integrates and coordinates the company's many communications channels
- Delivers a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its brands
What are the components of integrated communication?
What are the success factors for integrated communication?
- Consideration of integrated communications as a corporate task
- Support from the company management, respectively -communication
- Consideration and integration of all communication tools, including instruments of corporate communications such as Public Relations
- Developing a strategic communications concept, which targets the perception of stakeholders
- Inclusion of internal communication
- Development of communication rules
- Creating flat hierarchies
- Promoting interdepartmental cooperation
- Development of integration awareness among employees
- Implementation of process controls, for example, using an electronic reporting system
- Carrying out continuous efficacy and efficiency analyses
What is push marketing vs pull marketing? Describe shortly
Push marketing is information to the customer
Pull marketing customer is looking for the right information
What are the differences between push and pull strategy
Push strategy
- Producer
- Producer marketing activities (personal selling, trade promotion, other)
- Retailers and wholesalers
- Reseller marketing activities (personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, other)
- Consumer
Pull strategy is recurrent and also known as reverse marketing
- Consumers demand from
- Retailers and wholesalers demand from
- Producers which producer marketing activities (consumer advertising, sales promotion, other) to the
- Consumers
What kind of E-Terms are there?
How does.a modern customer journey funnel, tunnel, jungle look like?
What are Altimeter's Dynamic Customer Journeys components?
How does the performance marketing look like on sales funnel when considering cross-media, offline & online communication and offsite & onsite e-marketing?
What is the cycle of performace & permission marketing?
- Define
- Measure
- Analyze
- Improve
- control
What is the 360 view customer centricity?
What are the three C's of marketing? What are the dimensions of web strategy 1st level
What does the 8 C-Business model of digital platform marketing look lite
What is Targeting?
- Technical Targeting (z.B. based on IP-Address)
- Theme based Targeting (surrounding and und theme of Website)
- Socio demographic Targeting (age, civil status, sex etc.)
- Geo-Targeting (localization based on IP-Address)
- Local Search (local.ch, tel.search.ch)
- Contextual Advertising (appearing in the right themed environment)
- Keyword-Targeting (advertorial based on key word search)
- Behavioural Targeting / Interest based Advertising (surfing behaviour)
- Retargeting (Visitors that were visiting a certain website)
- weather-Targeting
What is the correlation between richness & reach?
What do you know about Above vs. Below the line?
Above the line (ATL)
Below the line (BTL)
ATL -> tv, radio, outdoor, newspaper, magazine -> rating, frequency, brand interaction, rating points, brand lift, reach ____Consumer
BTL -> trade marketing / sampling roads show/ door to door promotion / selling event management, direct mail -> ROI, cost per lead, real metric, new customer, quantifiable lead ---------- Consumer
What are major advertising strategy elements?
Accomplished the company's advertising objectives
Major advertising elements:
- Creating advertising messages
- Selecting advertising media
What do you need to consider when creating the advertising message and brand content?
- Breaking through the clutter
- Merging advertising and entertainment
- Message and content strategy
- Message execution
- Consumer-generated content
What are the steps in advertising media selection?
Advertising media: Vehicles through which advertising messages are delivered to their intended audiences Steps in advertising media selection:
- Determining reach, frequency, impact and engagement
- Choosing among major media types
- Selecting specific media vehicles
- Choosing media timing
What are the advantages and limitations of mediums
- Television
- Digital, mobile, social media
- newspapers
Television
- +
- Good mass-marketing coverage
- Low cost per exposure
- Combines sight, sound, and motion
- Appealing to the senses
- -
- High absolute costs
- High clutter
- Fleeting exposure
- Less audience selectivity
Digital, mobile, and social media
- +
- High selectivity
- Low cost
- Immediacy
- Engagement capabilities
- Limitations
- Potentially low impact
- High audience control of content and exposure
Newspapers
- Advantages
- Flexibility
- Timeliness
- Good local market coverage
- Broad acceptability and high believability
- Limitations
- Short life
- Poor reproduction quality
- Small pass-along audience
What are the advantages and limitations of mediums
- Direct mail
- Magazines
- Radio
- outdoor
Direct mail
- Advantages
- High audience selectivity
- Flexibility
- No ad competition within the same medium
- Allows personalization
- Limitations
- Relatively high cost per exposure
- Junk mail image
Magazines
- Advantages
- High geographic and demographic selectivity
- Credibility and prestige
- High-quality reproduction
- Long life and good pass-along readership
- Limitations
- Long ad purchase lead time
- High cost
- No guarantee of position
Radio
- Advantages
- Good local acceptance
- High geographic and demographic selectivity
- Low cost
- Limitations
- Audio only
- Fleeting exposure
- Low attention
- Fragmented audiences
Outdoor
- Advantages
- Flexibility
- High repeat exposure
- Low cost
- Low message competition
- Good positional selectivity
- Limitations
- Little audience selectivity
- Creative limitations
What should be regularly evaluated by advertisers?
Return on advertising investment: net return on advertising investment divided by the cost of the advertising investment
Advertiser should regularly evaluate
- Communication effects
- Sales and profit effects.
What is Advertising?
- Advertising is defined as any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor.
- Advertising is certainly the most seen part of the promotions mix.
- Advertising can be traced back to the very beginnings of recorded history with Romans and Phoenicians painting their wares on walls and large rocks.
What are advantages and disadvantages of advertising?
Pros
- Reaches masses at relatively low cost
- Projects an image of the advertiser as to how large, popular and successful they are
- Adds legitimacy to the product
- Allows repetition of message and competitor comparison
- Expressive medium, visuals, sound and colour
- Used to build a long-term image
Shortcomings
- Impersonal
- Only one way communication
Define Sales promotion and what are advantages?
Definition:
Sales promotion is a range of tactical marketing techniques designed within a strategic marketing framework to add value to a product or service in order to achieve specific sales and marketing objectives.
Advantages:
- Attracts consumer attention and provides information - strong incentives
- Invites and rewards quick response
Types of sales promotion
- Manufacturer to consumer (consumer promotion).
- Retailer to consumer (merchandising).
- Manufacturer to intermediary (trade or dealer promotion)
- Promotion of sales force (staff promotion).
What are major sales promotion tools?
- Sample: offer a trial amount of a product
- Coupon: are certificates that give buyers a saving when they purchase specified products
- Rebates: are similar to coupons except that the price reduction occurs after the purchase (get 10$ back when spending 30$)
- Price packs: offer consumers savings off the regular price of a product
- Premiums: goods offered either for free or at a low price
- Advertising specialties: useful articles imprinted with the advertiser's name, logo, or message that are given as gifts to consumers
- Point-of-purchase promotion: display and demonstrations that take place at the point of sale
- Contests & Games: give consumers the chance to win something -- such as cash, trips, or goods -- by luck or through extra effort.
- Event marketing: creating a brand-marketing event or serving as a sole or participating sponsor of events created by others
What is the definition of public relations, what are advantages?
Definition
- Public relations is defined as the development of good relations with the company’s various publics, by obtaining favourable publicity, building a good ‘corporate image’ and handling or heading off unfavourable rumours, stories and events.
- ‘The planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics; customers, employees, shareholders, trade bodies, suppliers, government officials, and society in general.
Advantages
- Credibility
- Needs to be used proactively
Give examples for Dialog marketing
- Dialogmarketing
- Direct-marketing
- Tele-marketing
- mailing
- Online-marketing
- Social media
- Mobile marketing
- Google adwords
- Direct-marketing
Define and name advantages of direct marketing
Direct marketing / Dialog marketing
Definition:
‘Direct marketing is marketing through various advertising media that interact directly with consumers, generally calling for the consumer to make a direct response.’
Importance:
Fastest growing form of marketing.
Benefits:
- Convenient and effective.
- Easy and private.
- Process is interactive, especially on-line marketing.
- Powerful tool for customer relationship building.
- Offers sellers a low cost, fast and efficient alternative for reaching
- Immediate and direct
- Can be customised
