Tajmar


J. X.
Diese Lernkarten decken fortgeschrittene Konzepte im Bereich elektrischer Antriebe und zukunftsweisender Technologien auf Universitätsniveau ab. Sie konzentrieren sich auf Mikroantriebssysteme wie Ionentriebwerke, Hall-Thruster und Plasmaemission, sowie auf Technologien zur Vakuumtechnik und Elektronenemission. Besonders behandelt werden auch die Anwendungen in der Raumfahrt, wie Neutralisatoren und Mikropropulsion für Kleinstsatelliten. Diese Karteikarten sind ideal für Studierende und Forscher, die sich mit moderner Antriebstechnik und deren praktischen Anwendungen auseinandersetzen möchten.
Karten
68
Lernende
4
Sprache
Deutsch
Kategorie
Technik
Stufe
Universität
Erstellt / Aktualisiert
13.08.2020 / 16.07.2023

Cartes-fiches

Feldemissions Kathode

  • Elektrisches Feld stellt finite Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein e- zu Tunneln (von Metal in Vakuum)
  • Array is needed to get sufficient currents!

  • Requires no heating power

  • Si Micro-tips with coatings

  • 100 Volts sufficient to extract mA of currents in typical array sizes

  • BUT – has to be operated below 40 V because of ion backsputtering (tip blunting) – and even less then 20 V to also prevent damage from doubly-charged ions

  • Total currents depends on size of array

  • needs very good vacuum (UHV) for long term operation (oxides on surface reduces electrical conductivity)

  • May be re-conditioned by heat treatment at high vacuum to remove oxides

  • Arcing may destroy tips and damage whole array

Re-Generable FEA Cathodes

  • Initial current on the order of milli-Amps (Taylor cone is very sharp!)
  • Causes heating of the tip and evaporation of metal atoms
  • Ionization of these atoms by field ionization
  • Ions come back and Reduce space charge
  • – therefore electron emission increases further and sputter additional ions/neutrals from the tip
  • ⇒Increased Electron emission and destruction of Taylor-cone (and sharp needle)

Carbo Nanotube Cathodes

  • Resistent gegen Ionen Bombardement
  • Thermal Stabil
  • Chemisch Inert
  • Unempfindl. gg Luftaussetzung
  • Schwächere Leistungs-Effi wegen Alignment/diffrent tube lengths

Electric Propulsion Laboratory  Testing Environments

  • Chamber Walls: Heavy backsputtering
  • Temperatures: Room temperature –or thermal vacuum chamber (shroud) to simulate satellite interface, solar simulator
  • Vacuum: Typically 10-6– 10-7mbar (HV), also 10-9mbar (UHV) in smaller chambers
  • Spacecraft grounded/floating, chamber walls grounded

Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) KAthode

  • Großes E-Feld
  • hohen pos. Spacecharge erzeugt
  • ->lokal hohes E-Feld ->e- tunneln in Vakuum
  • NEA Mats -> gute Isolatoren damit e- nicht ins Substrat wandern
  • Diamant und Akali

(Ferroelektrische Kathode)

(Photoemissions Kathode)

Vakuumpumparten 

First Stage

  • Rotary vane oil pumps (most common, cheap, oil contamination)
  • Diaphragm pump (oilfree, low capacity)
  • Roots pump (oilfree, high capacity, low noise, boost performance)
  • Scroll pump (oilfree, high capacity, expensive)

2nd Stage

  • Oil-Diffusion pump very(high pumping speed, oil)
  • Turbomolecular pump (oilfree)
  • Cryopump (oilfree)

3rd Stage:

  • Cryotrap / Shroud
  • Ion Pump
  • Titanium Sublimation Pump

Important of vacuum properties

  • Thermal conductivity (zero depending on pressure and geometry – free mean path ∝T/p) – then only radiation
  • Not all components are vacuum compatible (electronics, etc.) !!
  • Time to build up a monolayer of e.g. oxygen (about 1 s at 10^-6 mbar)

Rotary Vane Pump

Roots Pump

Scroll Pump

Oil-Diffusion Pump

Turbomolekular Pumpe

Kryopumpe

Ionen Pumpe

Wie erkennt man Leaks in ner Vakuum Kammer

  • If vacuum pump has problems in pumping down – there is a leak !
  • Spray acetone (alcohol that quickly evaporates) on gaskets – a leak will automatically cause the pressure to rise very quickly for a short time
  • Helium leak detector:
    • Small (and expensive) facility which is connected to the vacuum chamber
    • consists of a small vacuum system and a mass spectrometer to detect small Helium traces;
    • then use helium gas and blow helium along gaskets

Vakuumkammer Aufbau

  1. Stainless Steel, Glass/Acryl
  2. Collector
  3. Flanges to connect Instruments
  4. Feedtrhoughs (small flanges)
  5. Valves -> verh. Pump failure, ölrückdiff,...

Druckmessgeräte

Thermal Cpnductivity:

  • Pirani

Ionisation

  • Penning
  • BAyard-Alpert

Temperaturmessgeräte Vak

Thermocouple

  • 2 metalle -> strom dazwischen heiß kalt -> Seebeck effekt
  • einfach und Sparkresistant,
  • medium genau

Widerstands Thermometer

  • Widerstand ändert mit T

Lagmuir Probe

  • Dichte, Temp und Potential Messung
    • Put a probe inside a plasma, bias the probe and record the current over bias voltage

    • Extract plasma and floating potential, electron density and temperature

    • For higher accuracies: Double or Triple Probes

  • Floating Potential (current = zero) and Plasma Potential (first change in slope) can be easily identified

  • Electron temperature determined from slope of logarithmic current plot (Boltzmann!)

  • Electron density is calculated from saturated ion current (to large negative bias) and T

Faraday Cup

Thrust Balance

Micropropulsion

Reason:

  • Relatively new area investigating drastic reduction of thruster size and mass
  • -->
  • Computer and microstructure is advancing ⇒ Microspacecraft⇒ requires Micropropulsion
  • Micropropulsion technology can reduce thrust to mass ratio
  • Microsatellit (100 kg), Nanosatellite (10 kg), Picosatellite (1 kg)
  • Requires MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) engineering capabilities

 

Chemical Micropropulsion

  1. Solid Microthrusters
    • Solid propellant heated and microvalve is opened
    • Simple concept digital microthrusters: multitude of single-shot thrusters on silicon chip (e.g. from Honeywell: 106thrusters on 10 cm wafer, each can provide 3 μNs, total mass 2.4 g)
  2. Micro Bi-Propellant Thruster
  3. Cold Gas Thruster

Eletric Micropropulsion (5)

  1. Micro Ion Thruster
    • Kaufmann thruster with 1 – 3 cm range under development at University of Southern California and JPL
    • A few mN targeted
    • Requires field emission technology and high magnetic field strengths
  2. Low Power Hall Thruster
    • 4 mm diameter Hall thruster developed at MIT
    • 1.8 mN, 865 s, 126 W and 6% efficiency
    • 50 W Hall thrusters under development at Keldysh Research Center and Busek (100 W, 4 mN and 20% 
  3. Micro PPT Thruste
    • Under development at Air Force Research Laboratories & AIT/FOTEC
    • •Size of standard TV coaxial cable
    • •Complete thruster including electronics weights 0.5 kg, 2-30 μN and 1-20 W
    1.  
  4. MEMS Colloid/FEEP
    • MEMS field emission cathode technology used for ion sources
    • Microvolcano structure successfully built at SRI
    • •Variable Ispwith additional grid – adjustable power-to-thrust ratio
  5. Microchip Laser Thruster
    • Standard 1 W diode laser used to pump microchip laser to transform into high intensity pulsed laser light
    • •Propellant tape e.g. Teflon coated with Aluminium
    • •Material is heated, ablated and ejected at high thermal velocities
    • •Complete thruster weight 400 g including PCU, 0.3 nN – 3 μN at 6.5 W
    • •Specific Impulse 1,000 s•Efficiency around 1%

Zukunftskonzepte

Pff. Kommt hoffentlich nicht dran

Unterschied Elektrische Antriebe zu Chemischen Antrieben

Plasma Shielding

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