Cell Biology

Respond to specific stimulus (ligand)

interact with molecule->undergo a shape change to transport the molecule on the other side of the membrane

Molecule and ATP attach to carrier protein, Uses ATP to transport molecules against concentration gradient (use of carrier proteins)

1. Hydrophobic molecules (O2 and N2) 2. Small uncharged polar molecules (H2O,CO2, Urea, Glycerol)

Direct hydrolysis of ATP and against concentration gradient (Sodium(out)-Potassium(in) Pump)

Uses indirect ATP from primary transport (energy supplied by ion concentration and electrical gradient from primary active transport)

Large substances which can't be transported through channel proteins or diffusion enter or leave cells via bulk transport (endocytosis&exocytosis)

Transfer of large substances or bacterias into the cell, requires ATP, pseudopodia surrounds particle and takes it into cell (called phagosome)

Bulk transport of liquids via vesicles, requires ATP

Special endocytosis which has receptors to which only specific substances can bind and then get transported in the cell

Golgi apparatus produces secretory proteins (early endosomes) which move to plasma membrane and get secreted via exocytosis

Strands with + and - end, made of actin (protein), major way of movement inside the cell, important for contractile movement, 7nm

Hollow cylinders with + and - end , made of alpha&beta tubulin monomers = tubulin dimer -> many molecule of tubulin, moves vesicles, organelles and chromosomes around the cell, 25nm, retrogade (moving towards negative end)

Rope like assemblages, fibrous proteins, stabilisation and shape maintenance of cell

Motor protein, crosslinks actin filaments (microfilaments) with each other (cell movement), contraction and relaxation of muscle fibre,

Motor protein, axonemal (sliding of microtubules within cilia&flagella) & cytoplasmic (transport&position organelles and assemble centrosomes)

Dynein between two microtubule causes tubules to slide, Dynein crosslinked with nexin causes tubules to bend

Same as Dynein but "anterogade" (towards positive end), 1. Axonal transport (organelles within neurons), 2. Cargo transport (transport&position organelles and assemble centrosomes)

Kinesin "walks" on microtubules transporting cargo or axonal organelles towards positive end, one foot deattaches and reattaches

1. rER:

• Ribosomes on membrane synthesize proteins 
• Proteins are then modified (glycosylated)
• Membraneous sections pinch off to form vesicles

2. Vesicles:

• Vesciles transport cargo to the golgi apparatus 

3. Golgi apparatus: 

• Vesicle fuse with membrane of cis golgi and deliver proteins 
• Proteins get modified by golgi specific (membrane bound) enzymes moving to medial and trans golgi sections
• Membraneous section of trans golgi pinch off to form vesicles that carry them to cellular destination (example: secretion)

Cell wall, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Single circular strand of DNA and plasmids (rings containing DNA found in Cytoplasm), no membrane bound organelles

Contains DNA, enclosed in nuclear membrane

Liquid where reaction occur containing enzymes (catalyst->proteins)

Barrier between cell and environment, controls what enters and leaves the cell

Unicellular organism without a nuclei and organelles enclosed within a membrane (example: archaea & bacteria)

Multicellular organism with a nuclei containing DNA (membrane enclosed organelles)

Phospholipids, Glycolipids , Cholesterol

Hydrophilic polar phosphate head with hydrophobic fatty acids tails, in the membrane, the most abundant

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic acid tail, located in bilayer, gives stability - controlling membrane fluidity, sterol

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail (steroid rings), surface of membrane, communication between cells - cell-cell recognition

Selectively permeable seal for cell, maintains constant internal environment (homeostasis), cell-cell communication (recognition), non recognition

Alpha helix (recognition, receptors), helical bundle (enzymes, transport, receptors), beta barrel (transport -> channel proteins)

Enzymes, anchorage, transporters

Membrane bound organelle, modifies and secretes proteins, transports lipids, creates lysosomes - Trans, medial, cis parts

Membrane bound vesicle containing digestive enzymes, destruction of damaged, deseased cells & bacteria, autophagy!

Membrane bound, ATP production with aerobic respiration, contains two membranes

Membrane bound, large organelle surrounded by nuclear envelope (membrane), contains nucleic acid (hereditary info) and RNA, controls the cell

Membrane bound, extention from nuclear membrane (envelope), ribosomes (rough), membrane & modified proteins in reticulum (network)

Membrane bound, extention from RER, synthesis of proteins and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones