Microeconomics I
Fiches de réveisions
Fiches de réveisions
Trade and Pareto Efficiency: The Core
Economic Problem
Given initial endowments, what is the allocation that ensures that
consumers maximise their utility
demand equals supply in all markets
Edgeworth Box: Disequilibrium
Edgeworth Box: adjustment to equilibrium
A competitive equilibrium is
an allocation E* and a set of prices, p1* and p2*, such that, given these prices (and given the initial endowments), each consumer is maximising his/her utility at that allocation
Competitive Equilibrium: we must have
Equilibrium is a set of prices (p1*;p2*) such that
total demand for each good equals total supply
The Algebra of Equilibrium
Net/Excess demand of consumer A for good 1
Aggregate excess demand for good 1
In equilibrium the aggregate excess demand for each good
Walras’ law states that
the value of aggregate excess demands is always 0 (at any prices), i.e
Using Walras’ Law we can show that
if demand equals supply in one market, the same must be true in the other market.
FTWE
any competitive equilibrium is Pareto efficient
Implicit assumptions of the FTWE: Each consumer knows only
his own tastes, endowment and the market prices
The FTWE tells us that
the resulting equilibrium from these independent, self-interested and decentralised actions is efficient
This is the nature of the “Invisible Hand” of Adam Smith
FTWE focuses on efficiency, not fairness
Allocation where one person owns everything is Pareto efficient
FTWE does not hold in
the presence of externalities
STWE: Can a Pareto efficient allocation be achieved as a competitive equilibrium?
Yes, if preferences are convex
Questions about how appartments rents are determined
- Who will rent close appartments?
- At what price?
- Will the allocation of appartments be desirables at any sense?
Two basic postulates
Rational choice and equilibrium
Rational choice
Each person tries to choose de best alternative available to him or her
Equilibrium
Market price adjust untill quantity demanded equals quantity supplied
Market demande curve
The quantity demanded vs price graph
Supply for appartments
Quantity fixed
Low rental price
quantity demanded of close apartments exceeds quantity available ) price will rise
High rental price
quantity demanded less than quantity available ) price will fall
Competitive equilibrium
Quantity demanded = quantity available ) price will neither rise nor fall
Competitive market allocation
by willingness to pay
Endogenous in the model of appartments
I price of close apartments
I exchanged quantity of close apartments
Exogenous in the model of appartments
I price of distant apartments
I quantity of close apartments
I incomes of potential renters
Suppose de price of distant appartments rises
Demand for close apartments increases (rightward shift), causing
a higher price for close apartments
Comparative statics: price of distant appartment rises graph
Comparative statics: more close appartments
Supply is greater, so the price for close apartments falls
More close appartments graph
Imperfectly competitive market
a monopolistic landlord
a perfectly discriminatory monopolistic landlord
a competitive market subject to rent control
Monopolistic market equilibrium
If renters buy some houses
Supply (<-) because less appartments to rent
Demand (<-) because they don't ask for appartment anymore
Price doesn't change
Q diminishes
If government ask for a tax (appartments)
landlords suport burden of tax
zéro passthrough: rare because supply is fixed
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Cartes-fiches
Short-run profit maximization: tangency condition
Comparative statics 1
Suppose the price of factor 1 increases: w augments
Downward sloping factor demand: algebra
Comparative statics 2
Suppose the price of output increases: p rises
Exercise 2: Short-run profit maximization with Cobb-Douglas technology
Long run profit maximization
Long run profit maximization graph
Cost minimization
Output expansion path
Cost minimization with fixed proportions technology
Cost minimization with perfect substitutes technology
Long run profit maximization with Cobb-Douglas technology
Cost minimization with Cobb-Douglas technology part1
Cost minimization with Cobb-Douglas technology part2
Long-run profit maximization problem
Explaining AVC according to MC
Cost minimization problem
Isocost line
Utility maximization VS cost minimization
Income expansion path
Output expansion path
Link between long-run and short-run cost function
Short-run and long-run cost minimization diagram
Fixed costs. quasi fixed costs, sunk costs
Fixed costs are costs associated with the fixed factors, i.e. independent of the level of output, must be paid whether or not the firm produces
Quasi-fixed costs are costs that are also independent of the level of output, but only need to be paid if the firm produces a positive amount of output
Sunk costs are non recoverable costs
Average cost functions
Average fixed cost curve
Average total cost curve
Link between marginal and variable cost functions
Short-run and long-run total cost curves graph1
Short-run and long-run total cost curves graph2
Short-run and long-run average cost curves 2
Short-run and long-run marginal cost curves 1
Short-run and long-run marginal cost curves 3
Returns-to-Scale and Average Total Costs
Returns-to-Scale and Average Total Costs: graph
Decreasing Returns-to-Scale and Total Costs
Increasing Returns-to-Scale and Total Costs
Constant Returns-to-Scale and Total Costs
Two decisions faced by producers
How much to produce
What price to set
