ki
Designing of street networks
-By whom?
-How?
result from decisions made by many parties (towns, transportation department, planners, ...)
how: everybody build a street oder so und schlussendlich ist alles ein bisshcen zusammengewürfelt, ohne dass irgenjemand das ganze kontrolliert,dass es Einheitlich ist.
Role of the FHA
Sie sagte dass grid network ist monotnous/borin/unsafe and so there was a change from the grid network to the "tree"-network which have a higher mobility. The FHA made a bulletin of proftiable neighborhoods, and a lot of planners followed them.
Evolving of street networks
Why they wanted to characterize street networks by...
...configuration
...network scale
...network connectivity
...network segmentation
because even small differnces can have huge impacts
street networks act on different scales with totally different functions
2.) network scale
Anzahl intersections pro Quadratkilometer
Vorgehen: \(\text{anzahl intersections}\over \text{distanz über die sie verteilt sind in km}\)
connectivity of street network
Verhältnis Linkt to node
wobei L/N>1.4: connected street network
Link: street segment between two nodes
Node: Intersection, Dead end, "corner"
Seven features of a good urban street network
1. high density:
intersection pro quadratkilometer
2. high connectivity within neighborhood
link to node ratio
3. Godd porosity between adjacent neighborhood
good connection between neighborhood, nicht alle strasse sollten die neighborhood verlassen, aber die meisten und es sollte frequent Strassen in der Nähe haben, welche die ganze Stadt erreichen
4. Great varity in street types
busy to quiet, residently to commercial
5. No restrictions on the types of streets that are connected to each other
6. All streets should be walkable
7. All streets should have building frontage
Zusammenhang street network design and street design
The street design should complement the street network design
Shared space
Context vs System time
signs, signals, lines play an subordinate role(Bikers, Cars, pedestrians etc. can use the same place)
social behavior governs
-System time: signals, lines etc. define how the space/place is used whereas in context time people define how space/places are used
Single purpose vs. multi-functional
Regulated vs. culutrally defined
Impersonal vs. Personal
Uniform vs. Diverse
Predictable vs. Unpredictable
design speed:
target speed:
speed to ensure that people can safely travel at the selected speed or even at an higher speed (convention design)
target speed: (shared space design)
select an apropritate speed for the context and the design the street like this, Man baut und plant dies Strasse so, dass die Menschen nicht schneller fahren als der im voraus gewählte appropriate speed.
Where should context should be used
In urban situations (social zones) , quartieren, living districts
Physical design features that are stand for shared space
-less signals
-less lines on the street
-sometimes bricks instead of ACC/PCC
-benches
-no directional split
-less parking slots
-Normal speed in a shared space environment
-is shared space a typ of design?
-why is shared space more efficient for moving peoples and vehicles?
-5-10 mph
-noit isn't, but it is applied to many design and operation conditions
-better interaction between the different modes of travel
no signals
may be people are also better focused
Bike mode share
-CH cities
-Im internationalen Vergleich
--7% (ZH) - 17%(BS)
-Up to 40% (Amsterdam), the bike mode share is higher in the nordic countries but most cities in the USA have a deeper bike mode share
IF there are an increase in bike use there is also a increase in bike safety, why'
because this citites have don steps to:
-reduce vehicle speed
-reduce vehicle volume
-build more bike facilities
-raise the space for bikers
Understand how the type and characteristics change, as the city attract more riders
1. Strong and fearless cyclists
2. Enthused and confident
3. interested but concerned
4. no way, no how
Bike friendly cities also attract more female riders
Concept of vehicular cycling:
Cyclists fare best when they act as, and are treated as, operators of vehicles
-->nicht trennen zwischen Velofahreren und übrigem Verkehr
-->bei einer intersection ist im falle einer getrennten Fahrbahn das Unfallrisiko grösser (da motorists sich vorallem auf den Verkehr auf der eigenen Fahrbahn konzentrieren und nicht auf jenem des angrenzenden Velowegs)
Darum heute in den USA wenig abgetrennte Velowege
Four types of bike facility types:
-design characteristics
-when should each type be used
- Shared streets and shared lanes: no dedicated bicycling space
-low speed: in addition streets should be fitted with traffic calming measures
-low traffic volume
-no lane markings - Bike lanes: separation by stripping on the street
-max 30km/h and less 4000 vehicles
-50km/h and street isnt an important bycicle route - Seperated paths: cycletrack and are physically separated from moving mottor traffic by cupboards or parked cars
-50 km/h and street isnt an important route and if there is a parking lane
-busier, faster urban streets - Stand-alone paths: bike paths or shared-use paths in an independent right-of-way
Typical dimensions of biking facilities for a effective network
-within neighborhood travel: biking facilities should have a frequency of 1/4 of a km
between neighborhood travel: the spacing of bike facilities sould be less than 1km
Design conditions for avoid dooring
-2.15 from parked cars or 4.4m form the cupboard
The modern ferry era
1815-1835
The first rail service
USA
Switzerland
1827
1847
Completion of the transcontinental railroad in the USA
1863
The first tram service in Zurich
1882
First electric trams in Zurich
1893
The year the Model T was first produced
1908
The date of the report calling for a swiss freeway system
1954
Referendum rejected
-highway
-subway
-1962
-1973
s-bAHN SYSTEM FOR zÜRICH
1992
Six points of the people plan for transportation in Zürich
Six levels of autonomous vehicles
Level 0: driver responsible for all aspects of the dynamic driving
Level 1: driver assistance: driver is still in controll of the speed or steering
Level 2: partial automation: system controlls speed & steering; but driver rest(changing lane, exit freeways)
Level 3: Conditional automation; like level 2, but now system controlls everything and expect answer of request from human(Volvo alex beim staufahren??)
Level 4: High automation; controlls all aspect of the driving task includs when gthe driver doesnt answer to a request
Level 5: Full automation; everything is controlled by the car, the moment when you can take a nap during the trip
Reasons given for the rejection of the subway plans in 1973
1. Facilitate Manhattanization of Zurich
2. Improve longer distance travel - disadvantage shorter distance travel
3. Free up road space for cars and attract more cars to the center city
Transportation Infrastructur:
Transportation Policy
all physical aspects: such as vehicles, travel way, terminus, toll or ticket purchasing systems and intermodal transfer.
issues like:
-governance (who builds, owns, maintains)
-taxes
-land-use zoning
-design regulations
Factors why the use of trains is higher in europe than in the usa
fewer parking spaces
more expensive parking spaces
better public transport
high fuel taxes
government support for rail
better interaction of the different modes of public transportation
How specific transportation policies can affect peoples use of transportation
governance (who builds, who owns, who maintains),
taxes and incentives that determine the relative cost of different types of travel,
Beispiel: benzin taxen, öv subventionen
land-use zoning regulations,
design regulations, and
mobile city, or car city: kann man wichtige dinge gut zu fuss erreichen
the approach to planning
ein ticket für alles!!
Freigth transportation
Motor Carriers
Railroads
Pipelines
Water borne vessels
Air carriers (including mail parcel companies)
Drones and Robots
Modes of intercity travel
Automobile
Bus
Rail
Air
Water borne vessels
Know the role of the transportation and the transportation technology in the "30 minute" commute
People are willing to travel 30 minutes (each way) to go to work, this remains constant
But the better the transportation (system)the wider people can go in 30 minutes and so the city is growing
Types of modes of urban transportation
I. Non-motorized Travel
-Walk, Bike, others
II. Motorized Roadway Modes
-Taxi, Bus, privat cars, car sharing
III.Fixed Guideway Modes
-trains, tram, commuter rail, subway
IV.Other
water, air travel
Multimodal transportation system:
advantages
complications
-require less parking since not everybody takes the car
less traffic jam/congestion
more robust over all
concerning the infrastructure it is cheaper: because not every mode of transport has to be built in every place
-planning and designing is reall complicated
-->planner have to take into account how the system interacts/support all other activities in the city
-->especially the land use has to be taken in consideration
-->long term perspecitve is required
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Lernkarten
The modern ferry era
1815-1835
The first rail service
USA
Switzerland
1827
1847
Completion of the transcontinental railroad in the USA
1863
The first tram service in Zurich
1882
First electric trams in Zurich
1893
The year the Model T was first produced
1908
The date of the report calling for a swiss freeway system
1954
Referendum rejected
-highway
-subway
-1962
-1973
s-bAHN SYSTEM FOR zÜRICH
1992
Six points of the people plan for transportation in Zürich
Six levels of autonomous vehicles
Level 0: driver responsible for all aspects of the dynamic driving
Level 1: driver assistance: driver is still in controll of the speed or steering
Level 2: partial automation: system controlls speed & steering; but driver rest(changing lane, exit freeways)
Level 3: Conditional automation; like level 2, but now system controlls everything and expect answer of request from human(Volvo alex beim staufahren??)
Level 4: High automation; controlls all aspect of the driving task includs when gthe driver doesnt answer to a request
Level 5: Full automation; everything is controlled by the car, the moment when you can take a nap during the trip
Reasons given for the rejection of the subway plans in 1973
1. Facilitate Manhattanization of Zurich
2. Improve longer distance travel - disadvantage shorter distance travel
3. Free up road space for cars and attract more cars to the center city
Transportation Infrastructur:
Transportation Policy
all physical aspects: such as vehicles, travel way, terminus, toll or ticket purchasing systems and intermodal transfer.
issues like:
-governance (who builds, owns, maintains)
-taxes
-land-use zoning
-design regulations
Factors why the use of trains is higher in europe than in the usa
fewer parking spaces
more expensive parking spaces
better public transport
high fuel taxes
government support for rail
better interaction of the different modes of public transportation
How specific transportation policies can affect peoples use of transportation
governance (who builds, who owns, who maintains),
taxes and incentives that determine the relative cost of different types of travel,
Beispiel: benzin taxen, öv subventionen
land-use zoning regulations,
design regulations, and
mobile city, or car city: kann man wichtige dinge gut zu fuss erreichen
the approach to planning
ein ticket für alles!!
Freigth transportation
Motor Carriers
Railroads
Pipelines
Water borne vessels
Air carriers (including mail parcel companies)
Drones and Robots
Modes of intercity travel
Automobile
Bus
Rail
Air
Water borne vessels
Know the role of the transportation and the transportation technology in the "30 minute" commute
People are willing to travel 30 minutes (each way) to go to work, this remains constant
But the better the transportation (system)the wider people can go in 30 minutes and so the city is growing
Types of modes of urban transportation
I. Non-motorized Travel
-Walk, Bike, others
II. Motorized Roadway Modes
-Taxi, Bus, privat cars, car sharing
III.Fixed Guideway Modes
-trains, tram, commuter rail, subway
IV.Other
water, air travel
Multimodal transportation system:
advantages
complications
-require less parking since not everybody takes the car
less traffic jam/congestion
more robust over all
concerning the infrastructure it is cheaper: because not every mode of transport has to be built in every place
-planning and designing is reall complicated
-->planner have to take into account how the system interacts/support all other activities in the city
-->especially the land use has to be taken in consideration
-->long term perspecitve is required
Why is walkability so essential for urban transportation
Because buses rails können nur den besten benefit geben wenn die walking bedingungen gut sind
-->weil die menschen müssen auch die möglichkeit haben von den haltestellendie shops etc. erreichen zu können(are the activities woithin convenient walking distance, and does it feel save, is it attractive?
BRT
definition
why developed
Bus rapid transit is a variety of different transportations systems which are better than the ordinary bus lines (scheduling, infrastructur, price etc.)
to approach the service qualitiy of rail transit while still enjoying the benefits that we don't have to built extra street for the buses(bei den eisenbahnen ist es so) und so kann man grössere margen ereichen als bei der Eisenbahn
Types of urban rail systems
- Rigth of way
-station spacing
-cars/train
-capacity
-average speed
Six elements of effective transportation planning
1. Understand the difference between goals & objectives
--> objectives are ways to achieve goals
2. Plan for development (increased quality) not growth (increased quantity)
3. Keep in mind the broader impacts of transportation plans
---> otherwise our plans will likely lead to undesirable consequences
4. Plan based on desired outcomes, not on projection of past trends
-->example: much congestion -->not wide the streets (would be projection on past trends and lead to hollowing the cities) but rather support the public transport
5. Consider all relevant issues, not just those, that are easy to measure
6. Focusing on access (example: distance to desired destination) and not mobility
Schachbrettstädte haben einen eher guten acces
Different geographic scales
Natural: Site
Street
Neighborhood
Regional
Global
Political: Special service districts
Municipality
Regional government
State provincial
Federal
scenario planning
conventional planning
-we plan with a specific aim, that means we want to have more people biking, so we create better biking conditions,(what type of city we want? What transportation mix will give us the city we want?)
-traffic was growing in the past ten years 50% so it will also grow 50% in the next ten years
Goals vs. objectives
goals are desired overarching goals (health, happiness...)
Objectives are ways to achieve goals, there are sometimes different objectives to reach one goal
Development vs growth
Development: increased quantity ( getting bigger)
Growth: increased quality (getting better)
access vs. mobility
acces: distance to desired destination, more like how the city can be reached by foot, or how long we have to desired destination
mobility: more like how the city is reacheable by car
Three level of transportation planning by Litman
Induced traffic
Firste level : Direct impacts
-Change in travel conditions and cost
Example: increase roadway capacity or subventionen im ÖV
Second level: Current indirect impacts
- change in travel behavior, tax revenue and external impact
-due to the increased capacity the travel behavior of much people change
Thrid level: Long term indirect impacts
-change in land use, economic development
land use impacts: land use patterns become more automobile dependent->one source of induced travel
Unterschied zwischen wirklichem Verkehrsaufkommen in der Zukunft und dem erwarteten Verkehrsaufkommen wenn man aus der Vergangenheit in die Zukunft extrapoliert
Example of transportation design feature that contribute to mobility
-Widening streets
-street network (sparse network)
-density
bikelanes
Acces: density, bikeability, walkability, attractive places
Spacing
Distance between vehicles: s
Vechicles per kilometer: k
s = 1/k
Headway
Flow
-Time between vehicles passing a specific location: h
-amount of vehicles passing a specific location in a specific time: q
h = 1 / q
The average speed
-Time mean speed (TMS)
-Space mean speed (SMS)
Time mean speed: \(u_{TMS} = \sum {v_i \over n}\);
spot speed at a specific point (average of the vehicles)
Space mean speed: \(u_{SMS} = D \over {\sum t_i \over n}\)
average time vehicles need for a specific distance
Time-distance diagram
Flow, speed, concentration
q = u*k
Shape of...
...speed-concentration
...speed-flow
...flow-concentration
Shock Wave
change in the travel conditions that affects the stream flow (slow down)
-->associated with a particular vehicle slowing down or stop
-->shockwave ist bei einem distance-time diagram gerade dort wo die Geschwindidkeit ändert
--> condition: traffic light, flagman etc.
Procedure and formula shockwaves
\(u_{sw} = {(q_2 - q_1) \over (k_2 - k_1)}\)
negatives vorzeichen meint upstream
\(u_{sw1} -u_{sw2} \) speed mit der sich shockwave auflöst
in fahrtrichtung nummerieren
Travel flow
Travel demand
-travel flow: how people are currently using the system
-->travel flow data is used for transportation design
-travel demand: what people want
