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Linguistics

Basic Terms

Basic Terms

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This flashcard set helps university-level students master English linguistics, covering phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and language use. It focuses on identifying phonemes, analyzing word structures, understanding meaning relations, and practicing syntax rules. Examples include IPA consonants like \[ɡ\], morphological analysis of simple vs. complex words, and semantic concepts like hypernyms. The platform supports backward learning, allowing users to reverse the learning direction from the target language to the source language. Ideal for advanced learners and linguistics students, this set enhances analytical skills and deepens understanding of English language structures.
Flashcards
122
Students
3
Language
English
Category
English
Level
University
Created / Updated
02.01.2018 / 11.01.2023
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Lernkarten

Deep Structure of a clause

Transformations

 

 

Surface Structure

Basic sequence

 

Changes (shifts of constituents or their replacement)

Result of these transformations à a new left-to-right order

Example:

Surface Structure / Deep Structure

Deep Structure:

Polly put up Huck in the spare room

Surface Structure: Polly put Huck up in the spare room

Surface Structure 2: In the spare room Polly put Huck up

Locutionary act

Something a speaker says, the act of speaking

illocutionary force

What a speaker wishes to express with his speech act (“I suppose… I assure… I doubt…”

Can be done implicitly or explictely

perlocutionary force

What a speaker wants to achieve with his speech act. (I want to warn you à I want you to be careful.)

Direct speech

The form (declarative) and the function (explanation) are the same.

(Close the door!

Form = imperative

Function = instruction)

Based on Maxims

Indirect speech

The form and the function are different.

(Is there a draught somewhere?

Form = Question

Function = Instruction)

Based on Implicature

Turn Construction Unit (TCU)

Turn / Part of a turn at the end of which it is possible for other interlocutors to take over (or for the current speaker to continue)

Glasses? Nose.

Transition Relevance Place (TRP)

End of a TCU

This is the point where another speaker might take his turn. (à Intonation patterns)

Turn allocation

 

 

 

Turn mending

Speaker A finishes and selects the next speaker

 

Speaker A leaves the floor open for a next speaker and assists him (may take over again)

Overlaps

 

 

Interruptions

 

Backchanneling

Two speakers make utterances simultaneously

Point of taking over is clearly not a TRP

Speakers signal with utterances that they are not paying attention

Maxim of Quantity

“Make your contribution as informative as required”

We provide / expect a sufficient amount of information (but not too much unnecessary information)

Maxim of Quality

“Try to make your contribution one that is true”

Maxim of Relation or Relevance

“be relevant”

Maxim of Manner

“Be clear”, “be brief”, “be orderly”

Conventional implicature

Non-observance of Maxims

- Introduced by conventional means

- Can be interpreted irrespective of the situational context (However…)

Conversational implicature

Non-observance of Maxims

Arises out of a conversational setting and is thus always based on the specific context of the utterance (Don’t tell me you’ve lost them again!)

Things the Test will Test

 

If you have kept your keyword list up-to-date, completed the exercises and understand the concepts, you are pretty well there. As there is no mock exam (there are simply not enough questions to waste them on such a thing), below are the actual learning goals, as also described below the chapter headings in your script. 

Chapter 1: Language and Linguistics 

  • game analogy 

  • types of grammar 

  • types of linguistics and their focus 

  • what language is and does 

    Chapter 2: Phonetics 

    • transcribe some consonants and vowels from the description 

    • describe some consonants and vowels from the transcription symbol 

    • transcribe some words 

    • salient differences between British and American pronunciation (Bonus) 

       

Things the Test will Test

 

    • Chapter 3: Phonology

    • identify minimal pairs

    • identify phonemes vs. allophones

    • name phenomena of fluent speech

    • for some polysyllabic words: identify

      o syllable peaks o feet

      Chapter 4: Morphology

    • Analyse words to determine
      o whether they are simple or complex o what the stem is

    • Identify affixes in some words (and what type of suffixes there are)

    • With some given example words, name the word formation strategy

Chapter 5: Semantics

  • In a list of words identify hypernyms, hyponyms and entailment (in sentences)

  • Spot types of meaning relations (homophone, homonym, polysemy etc.) in example

    words

  • Identify types of meaning in example sentences (oxymoron, simile, etc).

    Chapter 7: Syntax

  • Identify
    o themes and rhemes

    o functional categories in a sentence (subject etc)

    o agents and affected

  • identify phrases and describe their structure

  • draw simple structure trees of individual phrases or simple clauses

  • be able to describe phrase structure rules

    o in terms of what their components are

    o and which ones are obligatory/optional

  • being able to spot which sentences or clauses are typical for Surface Structure and

    which ones are close to or represent the Deep Structure

  • Chapter 7: Language in use

    • In Speech Acts identify o locutionaryact

      o the illocutionary force
      o the perlocutionary force
      o understand the nature of performatives

    • In Conversation Analysis in a stretch of conversation o be able to spot the TCU’s and
      o pinpoint the TRPs

    • For the Cooperative Principle
      o Identify the Maxims that are not observed
      o say if implicatures are created and whether they are conversational or

      conventional 

unvoiced, bilabial, plosive

[p]

voiced, bilabial, plosive

[b]

voiced,bilabial, nasal

 

[m]

voiced, dental, plosive

[t]

voiced,alveolar,plosive

[d]

unvoiced,alveolar,nasal

[n]

unvoiced,alveolar, trill

[r]

unvoiced, alveolar, tap/flap

[ɾ]

unvoiced, dental, fricative

[θ], thing

voiced, dental, fricative

[ð], they

unvoiced, alveolar,fricative

[s]

voiced, alveolar, fricative

[z]

unvoiced,postalveolar,fricative

[ʃ], show

voiced,postalveolar,fricative

[ʒ],fridge, Jaque

unvoiced,palatal,fricative

[ç]

voiced, palatal, approximant

[ʝ]

unvoiced,alveolar, approximant

[ɹ], rye

unvoiced, velar, plosive

[k]

voiced, velar, plosive

[ɡ]

voiced, alveolar,lateral, approximant

[l], lie

voiced, velar, nasal

[ŋ], sing

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