Linguistics
Basic Terms
Basic Terms
voiced, dental, plosive
[t]
voiced,alveolar,plosive
[d]
unvoiced,alveolar,nasal
[n]
unvoiced,alveolar, trill
[r]
unvoiced, alveolar, tap/flap
[ɾ]
unvoiced, dental, fricative
[θ], thing
voiced, dental, fricative
[ð], they
unvoiced, alveolar,fricative
[s]
voiced, alveolar, fricative
[z]
unvoiced,postalveolar,fricative
[ʃ], show
voiced,postalveolar,fricative
[ʒ],fridge, Jaque
unvoiced,palatal,fricative
[ç]
voiced, palatal, approximant
[ʝ]
unvoiced,alveolar, approximant
[ɹ], rye
unvoiced, velar, plosive
[k]
voiced, velar, plosive
[ɡ]
voiced, alveolar,lateral, approximant
[l], lie
voiced, velar, nasal
[ŋ], sing
?
[ɳ], fetching
tʃ, fetching
IPA consonants
classic dichotomy
In language:
1) a set of rules and elements they apply to
2) all instances / manifestations where language is being used in infinite variety
game analogy
Set of rules that are binding → players with same cultural background → clearly delimited set of instructions → an infinite number of possible manifestations
Synchronic analysis
approach to the study of language at a point in time
Diachronic analysis
approach to the study of language longitudinally
Main types of grammar:
Prescriptive
Status of rules in grammar = high
Demand that the rules are followed, otherwise the speaker uses bad or incorrect English
Main types of grammar:
Descriptive
Set of rules that describes how language users form what they consider acceptable sentences
alveolar
Teeth ridge (alveolar dam)
postalveolar
Behind Teeth ridge (alveolar dam)
palatal
Hard palate / roof of the mouth
velar
Soft palate velum
uvular
Uvula (Zäpfchen)
Glottal
epiglottal
Glottis folds (Stimmritze)
Epiglottis (above glottis)
Tongue: back / root
Radical (Tongue)
Tongue: body
Dorsal (Tongue)
Tongue: blade
Laminal (Tongue)
Tongue: tip
Apical (Tongue)
Tongue: underside
Subapical retroflex (Tongue)
Plosiv / Oral Stop
Closure formed by the articulators → air pressure → released with a burst
- Voiceless / voiced
- Oral cativity
duck / tuck
Nasal stop
Total obstruction between articulators → no air can escape the mouth → sound = produced by the velum (air escapes through the nose)
- voiced
Sibilant
- a fricative produced in the alveolar / postalveolar region (→ hissing)
zit, sit
-
- 1 / 122
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Flashcards
simple word
(free forms, free morphemes)
Words that occur by themselves b.c. they have at least one element which represents the basic core of meaning in the word
Complex word
Other elements are added to the central element
Affixe
(= bound morpheme)
Collective expression covering elements that either precede or follow the base morpheme
Prefixes
Suffixes
Attached at the front
(create new word / don’t change the word class)
Attached at the end (can change word class)
Word formation strategy:
Prefixation
Adding a prefix to the beginning of an existing content word
Word formation strategy: Suffixation
Adding a suffix to the end of an existing content word
Word formation strategy: Backformation
Words are formed backwards from their perceived suffixation (runner runs, peddler peddles, television from televise
Word formation strategy:
Conversion
Words from one word class are converted to another words class (the noun grace → the verb to grace)
Word formation strategy: Compounding
The combination of two or more words to create a new word by juxtaposition (research association →cancer research association → cancer research association committee)
Word formation strategy:
Reduplication
Used in informal language or in combination with children (easy-peasy)
Word formation strategy:
Clippings
Shortening words (refrigerator à fridge)
Word formation strategy:
Blends
Two meanings packed into one word (smog = smoke & fog)
Word formation strategy:
Acronyms
Words formed from their initial letters, pronounced as one word (UNESCO = United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation)
Word formation strategy:
Alphabetism
Words formed from their initial letters, not pronounced as one word (USA, BBC)
Word formation strategy:
Colnages
Reserved for new products, usually the result of a definitive effort. Only some enter the vocabulary (to google)
Hypernyms
Hyponym
Co-Hyponym
Superordinate term, entails a hyponym
Subordinate term of the hypernym
Hyponyms of the same hypernym
Entailment
S1: Mammals = warm-blooded
S2: Rabbits = mammals
S3: Rabbits = warm-blooded
S3 is entailed in S2 / S1
Homophone
Different spelling, same sound (fair / fare)
Homograph
Same spelling, different sound
(lead (position) / lead (metal))
Homonym
Words with the same appearance but a very different meaning
the noun tire (the things on your car) and the verb tire (what happens when you exercise)
Polysemy
Overlap of meaning
Offense: it has various meanings which are all related: the attacking team, a criminal act, a feeling of being insulted, etc
Puns
Rely on homophony, homonymy, polysemy, depends on ambiguity
(cognitive) synonyms
Not complete synonyms, but have a wide-ranging overlap in meaning (same denotation, different connotations)
Denotation
Connotation
Dictionary definition
The associations that are connected to a certain word
Prototypes
Some co-hyponyms are more prototypical for their hypernym than others (apple for fruit, you probably wouldn’t think of tomato first)
Gradable antonyms
Show a degree (stunningly beautiful, revoltingly ugly)
Complementary antonyms
Do not need to be graded: it is either one or the other, their meaning cannot be interpreted subjectively. (dead / alive)
Simile
Explicit comparison using the word like
Metaphor
Dead Metaphors
Comparing two dissimilar objects without using the word like
Everyday metaphors
Paradox
Apparently contradictory statement which is found to be true
Oxymoron
Combination of two contradictory terms (pretty ugly, original copy)
Metonymy
A part represents a whole (the Oval Office)
Synecdoche
Reference using an element to denote the entire entity, the whole stands for one part. (Germany won the World Cup)
Functional Analysis
Looks at the functions words perform in a clause
Constituent Analysis
Shows what is needed by splitting the sentence into its constituents
Theme (Who)
Rheme (What)
The first element in a sentence
Gives more information about the theme
Agent
Action
Precedes the action
Precedes the affected and the recipient
Head
Constituent
Central element
A phrase/group named after the head (noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase etc.)
Specifier
Complement
Determiner, quantifier (no, every), possessives (John’s, her)
Provides more information about the subject or the object (my boss is a real idiot)
Obligatory elements of a Noun-phrase
Optional elements of a Noun-phrase
N (head)
Determiner, adjectives (AdjP), PPs (possibly AdvPs) and / or a clause
