Physiology
Nevian
Nevian
Hormonal Control
HCI Secretion of the Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
Regulation of HCl Secretion in the Parietal Cell
Excretion of Hydrophobic Waste Products into the Bile
Proteases
Absorption of Protein Degradation Products
Carbohydrate-Splitting Enzymes
Absorption of Monosaccharides
Lipases
Absorption of Lipids
Absorption of Water, Na and Electrolytes
Proteinverdauung
Secretion in the Stomach
Filtration in the Glomerulus
Overview of Na + and Water Reabsorption
Parameters and Possibilities of Regulation
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Acid-Base Regulation
Buffers
The Bicarbonate Buffer System
Na+ -K+ -ATPase
The open of the ion's cannels probability is influenced by:
• membrane potential (voltage gated)
• binding of neurotransmitters (ligand gated)
• intracellular second messengers (e.g. Ca 2+ )
• prior history of opening (use dependence)
Nernst‘s equation
Measuring and calculating the equilibrium potential for K + permeable membranes
The Goldman-equation
patch-clamp technique
Structure and function of the Na + -channel
The action potential (AP) - summary
The refractory periode
Gap junctions and electrical synapses
Chemical synapses
Synaptic connection principles
- Axoaxonic Synapse
- Axodendritic Synapse
- Axosomatic Synapse
Different sizes and types of synapses
Differentiation of synapse type in electron microscope
Excitatory Synapse (stimulierend)
Inhibitory Synapse (hemmend)
Neuromuscular endplate
Neurotransmitter is released in single packages (quanta).
Not every presynaptic action potential results in transmitter release.
Histogramm of the amplitudes of the endplate potentials shows maxima at multiples of 0.4 mV
The most important neurotransmitters
- amine (acetylcholine, Katecholamine: (Noradrenalin Adrenalin Dopamin))
- aminoacids
- peptide
Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Exocytosis – release of neurotransmitter
exocytosis
- Fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane
- Triggered by Ca2+ influx through voltage dependent Ca2+ channels when an action potential invades the active zone
Exozytose ist eine Art des Stofftransports aus der Zelle heraus. Dabei verschmelzen, „fusionieren“ im Cytosol liegende Vesikel mit der Zellmembran und geben so die in ihnen gespeicherten Stoffe frei.
endocytosis
endocytosis
- Budding of vesicles
- Vesicles can locally be recycled and loaded with neurotransmitter again or they are cleared via the endosome system
Die Endozytose ist ein zellulärer Vorgang zur Aufnahme von Flüssigkeit oder Partikeln aus der Umgebung einer Zelle durch Einstülpung von Bereichen der Zellmembran
Glutamate receptors
AMPA und Kinat receptors
NMDA Rezeptor
- AMPA und Kinat Rezeptor: wird permeabel für Na + und K + wenn Glutamat bindet.
- NMDA Rezeptor: Wird permeabel für Na + und Ca 2+ wenn Glutamat bindet und wenn durch Depolarsation das Mg 2+ Ion, dass die Pore blockiert, entfernt wird (Koinzidenz-Detektion)
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Pressure and Volume during breathing
Dirct measurement of volume in closed system
1 Tidal volume
2 Inspiratory reserve volume
3 Expiratory reserve volume
4 Residual volume
Pneumotachograph
Innervation of smooth muscle:
Parasympathicus Contraction: -->Constriction
Sympathicus Relaxation: -->Dilatation
Airway resistance
Dead space
Inspired and expired air:
Alveolar air:
P O2 = 100 mm Hg
P CO2 = 40 mm Hg
Equilibration
Equilibration in the lung
Diffusion in the lung
O 2 - Transport in the blood:
Measuring O 2 saturation of Hb
O 2 -affinity: left- and right shift
CO 2 - transport in the
blood:
Control of ventilation
Control of breathing
Haldane Effect:
Patterns of Motility
Transport Epithelium: Nomenclature of Pathways and Directions
Hormonal Control
Hormonal Control
HCI Secretion of the Parietal (Oxyntic) Cells
Regulation of HCl Secretion in the Parietal Cell
Excretion of Hydrophobic Waste Products into the Bile
Proteases
Absorption of Protein Degradation Products
Carbohydrate-Splitting Enzymes
Absorption of Monosaccharides
Lipases
Absorption of Lipids
Absorption of Water, Na and Electrolytes
Proteinverdauung
Secretion in the Stomach
Filtration in the Glomerulus
Overview of Na + and Water Reabsorption
Parameters and Possibilities of Regulation
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Acid-Base Regulation
Buffers
The Bicarbonate Buffer System
