Zellbiologie
Cellular bricks (3): Nucleotides DNA and genes Cellular activity (1) : DNA to protein Microbiology: bacteria and virus
Cellular bricks (3): Nucleotides DNA and genes Cellular activity (1) : DNA to protein Microbiology: bacteria and virus
sigma factor
A subunit of the bacterial polymerase, called sigma (s) factor, is primarily responsible for recognizing the promoter sequence on DNA
promoter
Als Promotor, auch Promoter (ursprünglich franz. promoteur, Anstifter, Initiator), wird in der Genetik eine Nukleotid-Sequenz auf der DNA bezeichnet, die die regulierte Expression eines Gens ermöglicht. Der Promotor ist ein essenzieller Bestandteil eines Gens. Er liegt am 5'-Ende des kodierenden Stranges des Gens[1] und somit in Syntheserichtung vor dem RNA-codierenden Bereich.
modified mRNA
addition of a cap at the 5' end and by cleavage of the
primary transcript and the addition of a poly-a tail at the 3' end.
introns
most eucaryotic genes (exons) are interrupted by noncoding sequences (introns).
RNA splicing
transcription eucaryotes and procaryotes
codon
Each group of three consecutive nucleotides in RNA is called a codon,
and each specifies one amino acid.
4x4x4=64 possible combination (20 amino acid)
tRNA
tRNA molecules are molecular adaptors, linking amino acids to codons.
serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during
protein synthesis
specific enzymes Couple tRNAs to the Correct Amino
Acid
ribosome
protein-manufacturing machine is the ribosome
4 RNA + >80 Protein
rRNA
form the core of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis
3 steps cycle
E side links
P side mitte
A side rechts
Start and Stop of Translation
Start: codon AUG + spez tRNA
Stop: codon UAA, UAG, UGA + release factor
Phototrophic Bacteria
Phototrophic bacteria are a group of bacteria, whose energy for growth is derived from sunlight and their source of carbon comes from carbon dioxide or organic carbon.
Lithotrophic Bacteria
Litotroph – bacteria which uses inorganic substrate to obtain energy
Bacterial shapes and cell-surface structures
The structure of a Bacterium
Bacterial Induced Phagocytosis
Simple Viral Life Cycle
Development of a viral envelope
Pentosen
Pentosen (von griech. pente fünf) sind Monosaccharide, deren Kohlenstoffgrundgerüst fünf Kohlenstoffatome enthält.
nucleoside
nucleotide
base nucleotide
phosphates
sugar in nucleotides
DNA-->deoxyribose
RNA-->ribose
nomenclausure
nucleic acid
nucleotides are joint with phosphodiester bond
3' end hydrocyl from sugar C3
5'end phospho acid sugar C5
the code is z.B A-G-C -->leftside ist the 5'end
ribonucleic acid --> RNA
deoxyribonucleic acid -->DNA
function of nucleotides
- storage biological information -->DNA
- carry chemical energy-->ATP
- form with other groups coenzymes
- used for signaling molecule -->cAMP
subunit of DNA
two long polynucleotide chains. there are four types of nucleotide A/C/G/T
conections between the two strand
hydrogene bonds between the complementary base pairs
always
a-t --> 2 hydrogene bonds
g-c --> 3 hydrogene bonds
chromatin
Chromatin ist das Material, aus dem die Chromosomen bestehen. Es handelt sich um einen Komplex aus DNA und speziellen Proteinen, von denen wiederum etwa die Hälfte Histone sind.
nucleosome
Nukleosomen bilden einen Komplex aus DNA und Histonen. Dies ist die erste Verpackungsstufe der DNA im Zellkern eukaryotischer Zellen. Die Abfolge der Nukleosomenpakete, welche die DNA im Chromatin als 30 nm dicke Faser zusammenhalten, wird Solenoidstruktur genannt.
packing chromosome
Three DNA sequence
replication DNA
replication forks
5' - 3' replication
there are no enzyme to produce 3' - 5'
5'-3' leading strand
3'-5' lagging strand
proofreads
proofrading is 3' - 5'
lagging strand
- RNA primer
- build DNA backwards 5'-3'
- remove primer (Enzyme nuclease)
- replace with DNA(Enzyme repair polymerase)
- join the DNA fragment together (Enzyme ligase)
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Cartes-fiches
Pentosen
Pentosen (von griech. pente fünf) sind Monosaccharide, deren Kohlenstoffgrundgerüst fünf Kohlenstoffatome enthält.
nucleoside
nucleotide
base nucleotide
phosphates
sugar in nucleotides
DNA-->deoxyribose
RNA-->ribose
nomenclausure
nucleic acid
nucleotides are joint with phosphodiester bond
3' end hydrocyl from sugar C3
5'end phospho acid sugar C5
the code is z.B A-G-C -->leftside ist the 5'end
ribonucleic acid --> RNA
deoxyribonucleic acid -->DNA
function of nucleotides
- storage biological information -->DNA
- carry chemical energy-->ATP
- form with other groups coenzymes
- used for signaling molecule -->cAMP
subunit of DNA
two long polynucleotide chains. there are four types of nucleotide A/C/G/T
conections between the two strand
hydrogene bonds between the complementary base pairs
always
a-t --> 2 hydrogene bonds
g-c --> 3 hydrogene bonds
chromatin
Chromatin ist das Material, aus dem die Chromosomen bestehen. Es handelt sich um einen Komplex aus DNA und speziellen Proteinen, von denen wiederum etwa die Hälfte Histone sind.
nucleosome
Nukleosomen bilden einen Komplex aus DNA und Histonen. Dies ist die erste Verpackungsstufe der DNA im Zellkern eukaryotischer Zellen. Die Abfolge der Nukleosomenpakete, welche die DNA im Chromatin als 30 nm dicke Faser zusammenhalten, wird Solenoidstruktur genannt.
packing chromosome
Three DNA sequence
replication DNA
replication forks
5' - 3' replication
there are no enzyme to produce 3' - 5'
5'-3' leading strand
3'-5' lagging strand
proofreads
proofrading is 3' - 5'
lagging strand
- RNA primer
- build DNA backwards 5'-3'
- remove primer (Enzyme nuclease)
- replace with DNA(Enzyme repair polymerase)
- join the DNA fragment together (Enzyme ligase)
helicase
a protein that pry the double helix apart. using ATP
Random Chemical Damage of DNA
- Depurination
- deamination
DNA repair involves three steps
1. EXCISION
2. RESYNTHESIS
3. LIGATION
Difference Between RNA and DNA
DNA to protein
RNA are only a few tousend nucleotides long (DNA 250Milionen)
The enzymes that carry out transcription
RNA polymerase (enzyme)
forms the phosphodiester bonds of the sugar-phosphate backbone
RNA Folds in Structures
(a) conventional base-pairing interactions;
(B) with both conventional (red) and nonconventional base-pair interactions (green);
(C) structure of an actual rNa molecule that is involved in rNa splicing.
ribonucleotides
In biochemistry, a ribonucleotide or ribotide is a nucleotide containing ribose as its pentose component.
mRNA
In eucaryotes, each mRNA typically carries information transcribed from just one gene, coding for a single protein
start end signal RNA polymerase
sigma factor
A subunit of the bacterial polymerase, called sigma (s) factor, is primarily responsible for recognizing the promoter sequence on DNA
promoter
Als Promotor, auch Promoter (ursprünglich franz. promoteur, Anstifter, Initiator), wird in der Genetik eine Nukleotid-Sequenz auf der DNA bezeichnet, die die regulierte Expression eines Gens ermöglicht. Der Promotor ist ein essenzieller Bestandteil eines Gens. Er liegt am 5'-Ende des kodierenden Stranges des Gens[1] und somit in Syntheserichtung vor dem RNA-codierenden Bereich.
modified mRNA
addition of a cap at the 5' end and by cleavage of the
primary transcript and the addition of a poly-a tail at the 3' end.
introns
most eucaryotic genes (exons) are interrupted by noncoding sequences (introns).
RNA splicing
transcription eucaryotes and procaryotes
codon
Each group of three consecutive nucleotides in RNA is called a codon,
and each specifies one amino acid.
4x4x4=64 possible combination (20 amino acid)
tRNA
tRNA molecules are molecular adaptors, linking amino acids to codons.
serve as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids during
protein synthesis
specific enzymes Couple tRNAs to the Correct Amino
Acid
