Introduction to Literature
HS2016
HS2016
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Cartes-fiches
Jakobson's model of communication
Message (Poetic) , Context (referential)
Adresser (Emotive) ---> Adressee (Conative)
Contact (Phatic), Code (metalingual)
poetic function
message for its own sake, focuses on language itself
Freytag's pyramid
1) exposition / inciting incident, complication / 2) rising action 3) climax 4) falling action /resolution/ 5) dénouement, catastrophe
Propp's list of characters in fairy tales
hero, dispatcher, helper, villain, princess and father, false hero, donor
Beginnings
ab ovo (charles dickens david copperfield)
in media res ( The Sound and the Fury)
in ultimas res
Endings
closed: consistent closure (Janee Eyre)
open: (abrupt, middle of sentence (James Joyce Finningan's wake)
Features of modernist literature
fragmentation
collage techniques
experimentation
lack of convention
specific narrative techniqes
episodic structure
several plots aligned in parallel fashion
alternation of plot lines
interference possible, sought for
direct speech /discourse
quotation of a monolog /dialog
indirect speech
paraphrases content of a speech act
ignoring style and form of the original wording
free indirect speech
mixture of a narrator's and a charachter's voice
Narrator speaks in 3rd person, uses characters idiom
monologue
directed at another character
most direct, least mediated representation of a characters thoughts.
narrator disappears, charachter's inner life presented unfiltered in present tense (James Joyce, Ulysses)
Soliloquy
character talking to himself
Mimesis
showing
Diegesis
telling
Virginia Woolf: Mrs Dalloway
modernist text, fragmentation and experimentation
lack of formal rigidity, structural coherence
stream of consciousness
metaphorical term for an individual's often random, irrational and incoherent mental processes
Alliteration
succession of words with the same initial sound
when weeds in wheels...
consonance
congruence of consonants short of alliteration,
Repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the intervening vowel
last but not least
Assonance
congruence between vowel sounds only
blind eyes
Onomatopeia
use of words to imitate sounds
guns shutter, ratlle
epanalepsis
repetition of the same word at the beginning and end of a line
e.g. possessed----- possessed
Anadiplosis
repetition of the end of the preceding clause /line of the verse at the beginning of the next
..........subdued
subdued..........
Polyptoton
repetition of a word in different inflected forms
thinking that she thinks
figura etymologica
repetition of a root in different forms
but: entirely different words!
e.g. freer freedom
synonymy
repetition by the replacement of one word with another of the same meaning
paralellism
repetition between clauses /sentences of the same structure
e.g. happy my studies, when by these approved
happier their author, when by these beloved
chiasm
reversal of structures in sucessive clauses
with wealth you state, your mind with arts, improve.
Asyndeton
succession of words /phrases without conjoining words
war, death, age, rage
Polysyndeton
succession of words or phrases linked by conjoining words
after the sunset and the dooryards and the sprinkled streets
Inversion
reversal of normal word order
Hysteron proteron
reversal of the logical succession of events
Ellipsis
omission of sentence components
some people go to their priests, others to poetry, I to my friends.
Aposiopesis
abrupt cessation before the end of an utterance
Zeugma
application of one verb to more than one object in different senses
You held your breath and the door for me.
Oxymoron
trenchant combination of two apparently contradictory terms
oh heavy lightness, serios vanity
Paradox
an apparently contradictory statement, which, on closer inspection is found to be true
e.g. the swift traveler is he that goes afoot
Antithesis
juxtaposition of two logically opposed elements
used as a literary device to put two contrasting ideas together.
Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.
Hendiadys
"The substitution of a conjunction for a subordination". The basic idea is to use two words linked by the conjunction "and" instead of the one modifying the other
from rest and sleep
Pun
play on words, using two identical or similar sounding words with different and perhaps contradictory meanings
e.g. Therefore I lie with her
and in our faults by lies we flattered be
Tautology
Accumulation of expressions that mean the same thing
hot fire, round ball
