Morphologie
Unibe HS 2016
Unibe HS 2016
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Lernkarten
Compounds vs. phrases
Idiomaticy: compounds
syntactic phrases: dependent noun is generic as opposed to referential
if a dependent noun is referential, we can be fairly certain that the expression is a phrase rather than a compound
compounds exhibit greater phonological, morphological and syntactic cohesion than phrases
phonological criterion for distinction compounds vs phrases
stress
vowel harmony
separability
phrases are often separabable whereas compounds are not
other words cannot interfere between compound members
expandability
dependents in compounds cannot generally be expanded by modifiers such as adjectives or adverbs
e.g. crispbread vs. very crispbread
coordination ellipsis
one of two identical elements in coordinated phrases can be optionally left out
but: compound member generally cannot be deleted this way
prosodic word
word for purposes of stress assignment
clitics and affixes
bound forms, exhibit prosodic dependence, cannot be themselves constitue a domain for words stress, must lean on prosodic host
lui frz
free form
il frz
bound form
clitics have freedom of host selection
clitics can occur with hosts of various syntactic categories and its host does not need to be syntactically related to it (engls. 's has freedom of host selection)
clitics may be less prosodically integrated with their hosts than are affixes
affixes are always within the domain of word stress, but clitics may or may not be
e.g. joue-le -> example of word stress applying to the entire clitic group
simple clitic
can appear in the same syntactic positions as a corresponding free form
special clitic
syntactic distribution differs from that of free forms, must be described in its own right
phonological allomorphs
bear the same meaning and have quite similar phonology
alternation
formal relation between phonological allomorphs
---> automatic vs. morphophonological
phonological versus morphological/ lexical conditioning
automatic alternations: conditions can be described in purely phonological terms
morphophonological alternations: conditinos have morphological component
phonetic coherence
automatic: phonetically coherent, both the affected sounds and their replacements are natural classes
morphophonological: coherence of the set of affected sounds may have been lost by subsequent changes
phonetic distance
a: alternating sounds tend to differ in one feature only
m: may differ quite drastically
application in derived environments only
a: result from constraints on pronunciation that are valid for all environments
alternation is just a specail case that arises when different morphological contexts provide different phonological conditions
m: restricted to derived encironments
application to loanwords
a: yep
m: need not be found in loandowrds
speech style and obligatoriness
a: optional and sensitive to speech style
e.g. formal, slow speech: is a process less likely to occur
new segments
a: sometimes creation of segments that are not found under other conditions
m: tend to lean to segments that ofccur independently in the language
application across word boundaries
a: may apply across word boundaries
relic alternations
seldom, only in a few words
e.g. s/r alternatin in German war gewesen
common alternations
found in many words,different morphological content
productive alternations
not merely found in many words but extended to new words
german umlaut mutter mütter
level ordering
destinction integrated / neutral affixes
integrated affixes
-ity, in, ical, ion, ian, ous, ive
neutral
ful, ness, un, ily, re, ize, able, ful, ism
valence of the verb
function structure: syntactic
argument struction: semantic
morphological operations that change the valence of the verb
linking of semantic roles to syntactic functions ( voice, function changing)
change concepual structure of the verb so that argument structure is affected ( event changing operations)
agent backgrounding operations
passive
anticausative
resultative
reflexive
patient backgrounding operations
antipassive: backgrounding patioent much in the same way as agent is backgrounded in passive (no longer subject)
deobjective: patient cannot be expressed at all
agent-adding operations: causatives
new participant added: adding the element cause and with it the causer role
object-creating operations: applicatives
German be- : liefern _-> beliefern
recipient applicative: recipient becomes direct object, therefore retrieves accusative case
Noun incorporation
NC compounds with a verbal head
occupy argument position of verb
dependent noun is not an independent word but rather a member of the compound
compound verbs
two verbs with the same argument structure
second verb that determines argument structure
argument-mixing type: compound verbs argument structure has argumetns from both constituent verbs
Synthetic nominal compounds
s c: head: deverbal noun; dependent; argument position in the heads' valence
ENGL: NN truck driver, whale hunting
