Morphologie
Unibe HS 2016
Unibe HS 2016
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Mangel an Morphemsegmentierbarkeit
-Modifizierung der Basis: Dt. Plural
-Kumulative Ausdrücke: Wenn ein Affix zwei verschiedene morphologische Bedeutungen gleichzeitig ausdrückt
- Zero Affix: Morphologische Bedeutung korrespondiert mit keiner Form.
- Empty Morphemes: Morpheme, die zwar eine Form haben aber keine Bedeutung.
Nachteile eines strikten wortbasierten Lexikons
- Produktivität: Wenn komplexe Wörter auch im Lexikon gespeichert sind, müssen viele gespeichert werden.
- Agglutinierende Sprachen: Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass Sprecher alle Wortformen in einer hochflektierenden Sprache lernen
Was bestimmt, welche dekompositionale Route gewinnt?
direkter Zugang vom ganzen Wort oder auf einzelne Morpheme, die dann zusammengesetzt werden
Häufigkeit des Gebrauchs: higher token frequency, greater memory strength
--> wenn Wortform häufiger ist als Basis ist es wahrscheinlicher dass sie auf der direkten Route abgerufen wird
Also: häufiger --> Wortform-Speicherung
Segmentierbarkeit: Komplexe Wörter mit segmentierbaren Affixen sind intuitiv wahrscheinlicher unter eben diesen Affixen abgespeichert
Also: weniger segmentierbar --> wahrscheinlich als Wortformen abgespeichert
Allomorphie: Diejenigen, die Allomorphie in der Basis haben sind weniger wahrscheinlich in ihre Morpheme unterteilt
Inflectional values
= Flexionswerte
Unterkategorie
z.B. Präteritum
inflectional features
Flexionskategorie
Oberkategorie z.B. Tempus
Flexionsklasse
Paradigmen, die dieselben Flexionsallomorphe verwenden
nominale Klassen --> Deklination
verbale Klassen --> Konjugation
Wie werden Lexeme einer Flexionsklasse zugewiesen?
phonolog.: Auslaut, Stamm, Anzahl Silben
semant: Belebtheit, Klassen, Transitiität, statisch vs dynamisch
morphologisch: basierend auf bestimmter Derivation
Inflectional values on nouns, pronouns
- number: SG; DU; PL
- case: Nom, Akk, Gen...
- gender: Masc, fem, neuter
- person: 1-2-3
Agentives Nomen
V to drink --> drink-er N
Qualitätsnomen
A kind --> kind-ness N
Beispiel Deverbal Noun
sleep --> sleeper
Deadjectival Noun
slow --> slowness
Denominal Noun
-status: child --> childhood
- diminutitve noun: Katze --> Kätzchen
- augmentatie noun: beard --> huge beard
- inhabitant noun --> Egypt --> Egyptian
- female noun: König --> Königin
Kinds of deverbal verbs
causative: die, kill
aplicative: laden, beladen
anticausative: transitiv --> intransitiv
desiderative: sleep, want to sleep
repetitive verb: read --> re-read
reversive verb --> stick in - pull out
Denominal verbs
act like N
put into N (bottle)
cover with N
Deadjectival verbs
factitive: black, more black
inchoative: green, become green
Deverbal adjectives
agentive: sleep --> sleepy
facilitative: eat- edible
denominal adjectives
relational: king - royal
proprietive: water - watery
privative: water - waterless
material: kupfer- kupfern
Dichotomy Approach
Hypothese, dass es eine formelle Distinktion gibt zwischen Derivation und Flexion
andere Möglichkeit: Kontinuum-Ansatz
relevance to the syntax
grammatical function or meaning expressed by morphological pattern is involved in the syntactic agreement or syntactic government (=one word requires another word or phrase to have a particular inflectional value)
Agreement
this girl /these boys: targeted demonstrative this /these agrees with its head noun girl /boys in number
Obligatoriness
Inflectional features are obligatorily expressed on all applicable word-forms
derivational meanings are not obligatorily expressed
bsp. -er --> agentive nouns, like drinker. but: it is not the case that all nouns MUST express agentive meaning
Limitations on application
Inflectional values can be applied to their base without arbitrary limitations, derivational formations may be limited in an arbitrary way
Same concept as base
Canonical inflected word-forms express the same concept as the base, canonical derived lexemes express a new concept
Abstractness
Inflectional v: abstract m.
Derivational v: concrete m.
Meaning compositionality
c. infl.: compositional m.
c. d: non-compositional m.
Bsp. Ignorance vs. ignore: meanings possibly only historically related
Position relative to base
canonical inflection is expressed at the periphery of words
d. close to the root
Bsp. ver-schön-ern: inflectional comparative affix -er is closer to the root than the derivational affix -n.
Base allomorphy
Infl: less base allomorphy
D: more base allomorphy
Word-class change
Infl: does not change the word-class of the base
D: may change word class of the base
cumulative expression
inflectional values may be expressed cumulatively
d: not expressed cumulatively
(e.g. suffix expresses genitive AND plural)
Iteration
Inflectional values cannot be iterated
D: sometimes can be iterated
(e.g Ur-ur-ur-grossmutter)
Inherent inflection
Features that are relevant to the syntax but contain a certain amount of independent information
contextual Inflection
comprises values which are assigned to a word because of the syntactiv context in which it appears
productivity
applicable to new bases, new words can be formed with it
morphological competence
speakers' knowledge of the words and rules of the language
morphological performance
the actual use of that knowledge for communication and other tasks
productivity as a diachronic phenomenon
way in which morphological patterns change over the centuries
domain
set of bases to which a rule could apply
creative neologisms
intentional formations that follow unproductive pattern (e.g. mentalese)
poetic license
creation of novel words by unproductive rules (e.g. verb + noun compounds like kissgranny)
the less productive a rule is, the greater the chance a neologim will be noticed)
