Chemistry Unit 3

going across a period, atoms have the same number of energy levels but more electrons and protons which increases the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, causing the outer shell/level to be pulled in and thus the radius decreases

going down a family, each new period represents a new shell added further away from the nucelus, each new energy level increases the radius

energy required (erforderlich) to remove an electron from a neutral atom

the ionization energy, as radius decreases (increasing electron-proton attractiom), ionization energy increases

the ability of an atom to attract a bonding electron

metals tend to lose electrons, non metals tend to gain electrons, elements with a stronger tendency to lose electrons are considered more metallic

- only noble gas atoms have full outer electrons shell, this is the most stable arrangement

- when atoms react, they either lose, gain or share electrons in a way that allows them to have full outer electrons shells, gaining stability

- ionic bond

- pure covalent bonds

- polar covalent bonds

They do it when they have extremely different electronegativity. 

the attraction between oppositely charged ions is called an ionic bond.

They do it when both atoms have high electronegativity, so both atoms want to attract an electron, but neither atom can take electrons from the other atom

a bond created when to atoms which hold their electrons strongely (non-metals) share a pair of electrons. 

if both atoms have very similar electronegativities, electrons are shared equally between atoms creating a bond with no electrical charge

if both atoms have electronegativities that are significantly different but not different enough to create an ionic bond, electrons are shared unequally between the atoms

the more electronegative atom pulls the electrons closer, this atom becomes negative

this create a bond with one slightly negative end and one slightely positive end

these negativee and positive poles make a dipole

a covalent bond with a dipole

yes, it depends on the symmetry