Lab 9 - Appendicular skeleton

Located there are the greater and lesser trochanters - separated posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest and anteriorly by the intertrochanteric line. 

The trochanters and trochanteric crest as well as the gluteal tuberosity and the linea aspera. 

Distally, the femur terminates in the lateral and medial condyles, which articulate with the tibia below and the patelar surface, which forms a joint with the ptaella anteriorlly. The lateral and medial epicondyles, just superior to the condyles, are separated by the intercondylar fossa.  on the superior part of the medial epicondyle is a bump, the adductor turercle, to which the large adducter magnus muscle attaches. 

A triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the quadriceps tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscle to the ibia. It guards the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the thigh muscles acting across the knee joint. 

The tibia and the fibia. 

The shinbone is the larger and more medial of the two leg bones. 

The medial and lateral condyles - separated by the intercondylar eminence - recieve the distal end of the femur to form the kneww joint. Just below the condyles is the tibial tuberosity - a roughened protrusion on the anterior rivial surface which is the site of attachment of the patellar liagament. Small facets on the superior and inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia articulate with the fibula. 

It articulates with the talus bone of the foot - the anterior surface of the tibia bears a sharpened ridge that is relatively unprotected by muscles. This so-called anterior border is easily felt beneath the skin. 

Lies parallel to the tibia, and takes no part in forming the knee joint. Thin and sticklike with a shart anterior crest. 

articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia. 

It terminates distally in the lateral malleolus, which forms the outter part, or lateral bulge of the ankle. 

- 7 tarsal bones

- 5 metatarsal bones which form the insteap

- 14 phalanges - which form the toes. 

on the two largest tarsals which form the posterior aspect of the foot, the calcaneus (hell bone) and the talus, which lie between the tibia and the calcaneus. 

Named and numbered I through V, medial to lateral. Like the fingers of the hand, each toe has three phalanges except the great toe which has two. 

They are arranged to produce three strong arches - two longitudinal arches (medial and lateral) and one transverse arch. Ligaments, binding the foot bones together, and tendons of the foot muscles hold the bones firmly in the arched position but still allow a certain degree of give. Weakened arches are refered to as fallen arches or flat feet. 

A pair of bones that each consist of two bones - the anterior clavicle and posterior scapula. The shoulder girdles attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton, and they serve as attachment points for many trunk and neck muscles. 

also called the collarbone, it is a slender, doubly curved bone - convex forward on its medial two-thirds and concave laterally. IT's sternal (medial) end, which attaches to the sternal manubrium, is rounded or triangular in cross section. The sternal end projects above the manubrium and can be felt and seen forming the lateral walls of the jugular notch. The acrominal (later) end of the clavicle is flattened where it articultes with the scapula to form part of the shoulder joint. 

On the posterior surface of the clavicle, it's a projection that anchors a ligament and provides a handy landmark for determining whether a given clavicle is from the right or the left side of the body. The clavicle serves as an anterior brace, or strut, to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax. 

Also called the shoulder blades - it is a generally triangular and commonly called the wings of the humans. 

EAch bone has a flattened body and two important processes - the acromion and the coracoid process. The scapula has no direct attachment to the axial skeleton but is loosely held in place by trunk muscles. 

The englarded end of the spind of the scapula - it connects with the clavicle. 

It's bead like, and points anteriorly over the tip of the shoulder joint and serves as an attachment point for some of the upper limb muscles. 

It's at the base of the coracoid process and allows nerves to pass. 

Superior, inferior and lateral. The inferior provides a landmark for listening to the lungs. 

A shallow socket on the scapula that recieves the head of the arm bone and is located in the lateral angle. 

Superior, medial and lateral. Several shallow depressons appear on both sides of the scapula and are named according to their location. 

It is exceptionally lights and

- the sternoclavicular joints are the only site where the shoulder girdles attach to the axial skeleton

- the relative looseness of the scapular atachment allows it to slide back and forth against the thorax with musclar activity

- the glenoid cavity is shallow and does little to stabalize the shoulder joint. 

The arm - or brachium is made of a single typical long bone called the HUMMERUS. 

Promixmally the founded head fits into the shallw glenoid cavity of the scapula. The head is separated from the shaft by the anatomical neck and by the more constricted surgical neck, which is a common site of fracture.