Kartographie 12

points, lines, areas: 0D, 1D, 2D

volumes: 2.5D, 2.75D, 3D

wireframe (Drahtgittermodel), solid rendering, photorealism, stereoscopic modeling, visualisation: true 3D

+time: 4D (but also 2D + time usw...)

geo-virtual environments (GeoVes): immersive( sense of presence, like you werde really there), interactive, informationally dense, has intelligent objects: tries to mimic reality

2D: can be raster or vector, reduced from 3D

2.5D: x+y+ one z value as attribute

2.75D: x+y+ two z value as attribute

3D: three independent coordinates axes x,y,z+ value; mulitvalued: any x,y location can have repeated occurences pf z at any given locations; volumetric modeling done with voxels (volume element, similar to pixel); stereoscopic 3D: for modelling and viewing-> photogrammetry

4D: temporal characteristics of spatial phenomena; change analysis: what happened from A to B?

3D modelling and visualisation is traditionally a photogrammetic task (but photogrammetic could also be 2.5D), today a fusion of disciplines

principles of sterescopic visions ( photographs with overllaping angles) employed to derive 3D coordinates-> often moved to GIS

sterescopic viewing (brain fuses two views from our two eyes into one) is most common in visualizing depht

disparity/parallax: lateral shift causes retinal disparity (Ungleichheit) , the consept of photogrammetry exploits to calculate 3D coordinates

but there are monocular depth cues as: occlusion (überlappung), shadowing, lightening, texturing, perspective, stereopsis, depth of field

these factors are exploited for a 3D viewing experience or an Illusion

stereoscopic visualisation:

-needs two images as inout with a lateral shift

-needs a system to separate these two images so that left eye sees left image and right eye sees the right

stereo viewing trough:

-cross eyes or parallel focusing with bare eyes

-anaglyphs (red blue or red green filtering)

-polarisation: light filtering

-shutter glasses: temporal, alternate frame sequencing

-autostereo: lenticular, parallex barrier. blocks angle to a certain point

(stereogramm?)

hologramms (objects are of light)

scatterd light captured and reconstructed, image changes according to viewing position and orientation

time as an attribute to spatial dimensions

-static representations: time stamps, flow maps, multiple views

dynamic representations: animations, interactive visualisations (e.g virtual reality environments), real time modeling and feedback (e.g. augmented (angereicherte) reality)

virtual reality vs virtual environments

real environment-> augmented reality<->augmented virtuality<-virtual environment

virtual environment a bit braoder than virtual reality

4 Is:

Immersion (sense of presence, being there)

Interactivity (navigate, orient, request and xhange things)

Information Intensity (control level of detail)

Intelligence of objects (avatars, intelligent agents)

virtual environment: mimic tangible realiy, simulate a scenario, navigate and ineract, emplyed stereoscopic visualisation --- still a research area!

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