ILEC

A cartel is a united group of industrial corporations which band together for the purpose of restricting trade for their mutual benefit. Cartels may agree to control distribution, set prices, reduce competition, and sometimes share technical expertise. Such companies usually are international and cartels generally exist outside of the United States, since U.S. antitrust laws generally prohibit the formation of cartels.

Monopoly is a control or advantage obtained by one entity over the commercial market in a specific area. Monopolization is an offense under federal anti trust law. The two elements of monopolization are (1) the power to fix prices and exclude competitors within the relevant market. (2) the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen or historical accident.

market with only a small number of market actors - abuse of monopoly power

An oligopoly exists when a few companies dominate an industry or market Prices are set by agreement among the manufacturers rather than by operation of supply and demand mechanism. Oligopoly often leads to collusion among manufacturers. Few companies need to control a significant share of total production or sales, for an oligopoly to exist. In an oligopoly there is likely to be significant barriers to entry to new competitors. Presence of few companies in an industry does not negate existence of competition. In such a market, competition often includes increased expenditure on marketing and advertising in order to win brand loyalty rather than reduction in prices or increase in quality of products.

ruinöse Preisunterbietung

pricing below cost for a temporary period to drive others out.

agreement which forces the buyer to purchase a second product when the buyer purchases the first product.

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