Englisch

• In my point of view ...
• I am in favor of ...
• I have my doubts about ... 
• The way I see it ... 
• My feeling is that ...
• I am convinced

• It is crucial to know ...
• It is an undeniable fact that ...
• One should keep in mind that ...
• It is often assumed that ...
• It is a well-known fact that ...
• It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that ...
• Compared with the situation years ago 
• The evidence seems to suggest ..., but you should consider ...
• pressing question 
• potent message 
• serves to illustrate
• in order to 
• To begin with ...
• First of all ...
• firstly/secondly/finally
• The first major aspect we need to take a closer look at is ...

• The author presents the following evidence to back up that ...
• The author ridicules the notion that ... by pointing out ...
• ... makes use of selective evidence when he/she claims ....
•  ... appears to assume a critical attitude towards ...
• focuses the reader's attention on ...
• attracts the reader's attention to
• criticises/opposes the idea of ...
• sets out to prove the fact that ...

• is clearly based on the author's observations/ personal memories of ...
• clearly illustrates the point that ...
• raises the question of whether ...

• At first glance one might think that ...
• That is very well but what about ...?
• My personal conclusion is that ...
• To cut a long story short ...
• Finally I would like to sum up the main results in a few sentences. In a nutshell one can say ...
• Having taken all these factors into account ...
• Having outlined all the main arguments ...
• I want to give voice to/ to annotate 
• One should contribute to ... (gerund)

• headline
• caption
• current affairs/ breaking news

Interpretation

• symbolizes
• implies
• correspond to / refer to 
• allude to 

Intention:

• At first glance one might think that 
• figurative level
• is supposed to
• to strongly critize
• to ridicule
• to condemn (verurteilen)
• The cartoonist may want to convey that ...
• His intention is to show that ...
• His point seems to be that ...

comes out

The message of this cartoon 

• apart from
• with reference to 
• emphazise
• point out
• praise
• wish that / hope for
• elucidate
• shed (new) light on 

stylistic devices

• simile
• metaphor
• climax / anti-climax
• personification
• alliteration

Composition

Prework

• choosing a topic
• brainstorming
• title
• structure

Work

• Introduction ( current events, quotes, statistics, personal experience )
• Main body ( enumerative or dialectical order )
• Conclusion

Revision

• number of words
• dictionary usage ( proof read, expressions, collocations ) 

Style

• register ( formal, neutral , familiar, colloquial )
• diction ( from particular word field?); verbs of motion; descriptive adjectives and adverbs 
• sytax ( simple or complex sentences? active or passive sentences? )
• rhetorical devices 

Tone

• ironic
• serious
• humorous
• sentimental

• hyperbole, understatement, irony can be useful for detecting the tone

Cause and effect

• Therefore
• As a result
• Consequently
• Hence
• Thus
• due to / owing to / as a result of  
• since / because / as / thereby 

Contrast in expectation

• However
• Nevertheless
• Yet
• On the contrary
• Unfortunately

Emphasis:

• In fact
• Indeed
• As a matter of fact
• Inevitably
• Fortunately

Generalization and Specialization

• in general
• generally speaking
• in particular
• specifically

Continuation of explanation

• In this context
• here
• In this perspective

Additional information:

• Moreover
• Besides
• Additionally
• in addition 
• Furthermore

Condition 

• In that case 
• Otherwise
• given
• provided that / as long as / once that / when 

Without condition

• regardless
• despite of
• even though

Example

• for example
• for instance
• as shown by 
• exemplified by 
• such as 
• as illustrated

Ordering 

• Firstly, secondly ..
• Then 
• Next 
• Continuing
• Finally

Reintroduction

• Regarding
• In connection with 
• Focusing on 
• With respect to