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Kartei Details
| Karten | 47 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Chemie |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 25.01.2016 / 01.05.2016 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/drugs_in_forensic_toxicology
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What class of drug are cannabis & THC? (1p)
Hallucinogens
What are N-bombs? (1p)
N-bombs are synthetic, structurally different drugs that have similar effects as other drugs (such as LSD)
What category of drugs is LSD and what are routes of administration are commonly used for it? (2p)
1. LSD is the most potent of hallucinogens
2. Oral and transdermal
What is the dose range for LSD, when are the effects felt, and how long may they last? (3p)
1. Dose ranges from ~50-300µg
2. The effects are generally felt within ~30min
3. Effects may last up to 10-12hrs
Is it often fatal to take LSD? (1p)
Fatal toxicity is rare, but injury due to fatal impairment is possible
What are 9 symptoms of hallucinogen toxicity? (9p)
1. Dizziness
2. Weakness
3. Tremors
4. Altered perception of colour, shape, and time
5. Disorganized thought
6. Difficulty expressing thoughts
7. Depersonalization
8. Dream-like feelings
9. Hallucinations
What are the three primary stages of drug analysis and identification? (3p)
1. Visual inspection
2. Presumptive testing
3. Confirmatory test
What is observed during visual inspection of drugs? (3p)
Spae, colour, and markings (especially pharmaceuticals)
Outline the Marquis test (4p)
1. Test for alkaloids
2. Contains 2% formaldehyde
3. Purple in the presence of heroin, morphine, and most opium derivaties
4. Orange-brown with amphetamines and methamphetamines
Outline the Duquenois-Levine (DL) test. (3p)
1. Test for cannabinoids
2. Solution A - 2% vanillin + 1% acetaldehyde in ethyl alcohol
Solution B - concentrated HCl
Solution C - Chloroform
3. Positive = purple colour in chloroform layer
Outline the Van Urk test (3p)
1. Test for LSD
2. 1% solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in 10% concentrated HCl and ethyl alcohol
3. Positive = turns blue-purple
Outline the Scott test (4p)
1. Test for cocaine
2. Solution A - 2% cobalt thocyanate dissolved in water and glycerin (1:1); positive = blue
3. Solution B - concentrated HCl; positive = clear pink
4. Solution C - chloroform; positive = blue reappears
What are microcrystalline tests based on, and what are 2 pros and 2 cons? (5p)
1. Microcrystalline tests are based on the formation of a precipitate in reaction of drug with the added reagent
2. Thought to be more selective than traditional colour tests because of the presence of the precipitate, as well as the characteristics of the crystals used in evaluation of results
3. Rapid-acting
4. Effects of the overally drug matrix may still affect interpretation
5. Require confirmation by another method with superior sensitivity and selectivity
What must confirmatory tests result in? (1p)
At least 2, completely different descriptors
How is a sample prepared for confirmatory analysis, and what are two methods? (3p)
1. Sample preparation consists of dissolution and selective extraction of the drugs
2. Chromatography for retention time/factor
3. Mass spectroscopy for collecting the abundance of chemical, retention time, etc.
What are four categories of drugs of abuse? (4p)
1. Stimulants
2. Depressants
3. Hallucinogens
4. Volatiles
What are five categories of therapeutic drugs? (5p)
1. Non-opiods
2. Antihistimines
3. Antidepressants
4. Antipsychotics
5. Anticonvulsants
What two other types of chemicals are of forensic relevance? (2p)
1. Carbon monoxide
2. Cyanide
What types of drugs are structurally similar to naturally occurring neurotransmitters? How do they differ so that the drug effects are not the same? (2p)
Amphetamine-related drugs (ARDs)
Particularly, amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MA)
Due to structural variations, there are differences in receptor binding profiles and thus, differences in drug effects from natural NT
Give the 8 examples of amphetamine-related drugs (ARDs) (8p)
1. Amphetamine
2. Methamphetamine
3. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
4. Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
5. Methyenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA)
6. Para-methyoxyamphetamine (PMA)
7. Benzylepiperazine (BZP)
8. Bath salts (beta-keto amphetamine analogues)
What are 4 common "good" effects and 7 "bad" effects of amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MA) (11p)
1. Euphoria
2. Hyperactivity
3. Vasoconstriction
4. Tachycardia
5. Agitation
6. Paranoia/Delusions
7. Psychosis
8. Seizures
9. Arrhythmia
10. Cardiorespiratory arrest
11. Death
What are 3 therapeutic uses of amphetamines? (3p)
1. Increase wakefulness (eg. in military)
2. ADD/ADHD
3. Appetite suppression
How do bodies respond to amphetamines in terms of habits? (3p)
1. Habit-forming
2. Often abused in a binge fashion
3. Marked withdrawal symptoms include hypersomnolence, depression, and cravings
Describe the effect of methyldioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (2p)
MDMA is a synthetic drug that promotes release and inhibits reuptake of serotonin in nerve synapsess, as well as similar but to a lesser extent, effects with respect to dopamine and norepinephrine
What effects does methyldioxyamphetamines, metabolized from MDMA, have? (6p)
1. Increased energy
2. Hypertension
3. Tachycardia
4. Euphoria
5. Hallucinations (mostly due to structural similarity to mescaline)
6. Muscle clenching and spasms (eg. teeth clenching)
What is the "street name" for MDMA? (1p)
Ecstasy
Why are rave/club deaths common with the use of MDMA? (3p)
1. Hyperpyrexia (extreme body temperature), due to use of MDMA and strenuous physical activity and confined conditions)
2. Death resulting from multiple organ failures
3. Normally able to maintain much higher blood MDMA concentrations outside of "club" conditions
List 6 "good" effects and 7 "bad" effects of cocaine intake (13p)
1. Euphoria
2. Heightened sexual excitement
3. Increased energy
4. Vasoconstriction
5. Dilated pupils (mydriasis)
6. Tachycardia
7. Paranoia
8. Hallucinations
9. Delusions
10. Arrhythmia
11. Seizures
12. Cardiovascular injury
13. Cardorespiratory collapse
What system of the body does cocaine affect most largely, and what is this a result of? (2p)
1.Cocaine affects the central nervous system the most
2. Due ot inhibition of dopamine reuptake
For cocaine, what 4 common routes of administration are used? (4p)
1. Intranasal (snorting)
2. Smoking (crack or free base)
3. Intravenous
4. Oral (often to avoid discovery)
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