Umweltsysteme 1 - Umwelt und Gesundheit
Teil Bonhöfer
Teil Bonhöfer
Kartei Details
| Karten | 23 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | Deutsch |
| Kategorie | Biologie |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 13.12.2018 / 03.08.2019 |
| Lizenzierung | Keine Angabe |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20181213_umweltsysteme_1_umwelt_und_gesundheit
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| Einbinden |
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Where are antibiotics used?
Animals
- in chicken, pigs, cattle, aquaculture
- as growth promotion (banned in EU/US)
- Treatment
- Prophylaxis
Medicine
- community (primary care sector)
- hospitals (secondary care sector)
Difficulties in Discovery of new antibiotics
difficult to find new antibiotics
high cost (1-2 billion $)
small market (antibiotic will be used as last resort)
development of AMR (antimicrobiala resistance)
in 2050 expected to kill 10 million (more than cancer)
Recent attention on antibiotics
- UN general assembly meeting on antimicrobial resistance in 2016
Antibiotic resistance on agenda of recent G7 and G20 meetings
StAR (Strategy Antibiotic Resistance) in Switzerland
Abschnitte Antibiotikaforschung
1919-1949: Time of pioneers
1940-1960: Golden age
1960-1990: Deceleration
1990-jetzt: Discovery void
classification of antibiotics
Antibiotics can be grouped according to different criteria:
mechanism of action
effect on bacterial growth dynamics
breadth of activity (narrow/broad spectrum)
Mechanisms of action
- Cell wall synthesis
- Folate synthesis (folsäure)
- Protein synthesis
- Rna Polymerase
- Cell membrane disrupters
- Nucleid acis synthesis
- (LPS and/or TLR4 blockers)
Growth effect types:
Bacteriocidal antibiotics:
- • kill bacteria, i.e. increase death rate
- • e.g. Cell wall synthesis inhibitors; also nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors such as fluoroquinolon
Bacteriostatic antibiotics:
Prevent or reduce reproduction, i.e.reduce division rate
e.g. protein and folate synthesis inhibitors
